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HTLV-III publication in Francis's presence. Francis wasfrequently required to leave the room while Chermann and Galloconferred privately."The Pasteur scientists were astonished that one branch of theU.S. government should hold another in such low regard." [19]Ultimately, Don Francis determined from electron micrographshe had obtained from Europe that Montagnier's and Gallo'sretroviruses were the same. In light of the germ's dissimilarity tothe HTLV family of retroviruses, he argued in favor of theFrench naming the virus. Following intense negotiations,however, the naming issue remained unresolved, though the threeresearchers worked out an agreement to jointly announce thediscovery of the AIDS virus by the CDC, NCI and Pasteur.Shilts then chronicled Gallo's efforts to sabotage this agreementand claim the lion's share of credit for himself. Standingalongside Chermann in the pissoir, he offered, "We can do thistogether - just the Pasteur Institute and the NCI," he said. "Wedon't need the CDC." Chermann dismissed the proposal. The nextmorning, during breakfast with Don Francis, Gallo remarked thathe would probably get the most credit during the announcementbecause he maintained the most HTLV-III isolates. Then heoffered Francis the proposal Chermann refused the night before."We don't need the Pasteur Institute," he argued. "The CDC andthe NCI can announce this ourselves." [19]On April 23, 1984, the announcement was made by MargaretHeckler, Secretary of the Office of Health and Human Services,that Robert Gallo, essentially unaided by the French and COC,had discovered the AIDS virus."The doctors who accompanied Heckler to the podium blanchedvisibly," Shilts noted, "when she proclaimed that a blood testwould be available within six months and a vaccine would beready for testing within two years." The blood test had alreadybeen available for over two years, I reflected, but I understoodwhy they blanched with the announcement of a vaccine. [20]The Emperorʹs New VirusTen months later at a prestigious AIDS meeting in New York,Dr. Joseph Sonnabend revealed that Gallo's HTLV-III andMontagnier's LAV were "identical. . . to a degree that would notbe anticipated with two independent isolates from the samefamily.""Would you be brave enough to voice explicitly the implicationsof what you're saying here?" Sonnabend was asked by anattending physician."No, I wouldn't," Sonnabend replied. "I'm not the right person tobe saying that.""Neither am I," said the other doctor."What are you talking about here?" asked an Associated Pressreporter.
"Do you know something that you are not saying?""They appear to be the same actual isolate," Sonnabend finallyadmitted. "Or some strange coincidence.""What are you suggesting?" another person asked.Dr. Mathilde Krim, the conference organizer, chimed in, "Dr.Montagnier felt very appropriately that he was not the person topoint this out.""Nobody's pointed it out quite exactly yet," voiced a frustratedreporter."It's perhaps a complicated notion for you to understand," saidKrim, "but I think you are coming close."Donald Drake, a veteran science writer for the PhiladelphiaInquirer was one of few journalists present who understood themeaning of Sonnabend's remarks."Are you suggesting that Gallo swiped his virus from theFrench?" Drake queried."Or Montagnier swiped Gallo's virus, or we are dealing with avery strange coincidence," replied Sonnabend diplomatically."A light bulb goes off," blurted the San Francisco Chroniclepanelist.It was now understood by all in attendance. In virology, it isinconceivable that a genetic variation between two differentviruses could be less than 1 percent as was the case with Gallo'sHTLV-III and Montagnier's LAV. As Shilts put it, "That wouldbe like finding two identical snowflakes.It simply didn't happen." [21]Sonnabend was pointing out the scientific fact that Gallo hadsimply cloned the virus Montagnier had sent him, then claimed itwas his discovery, or Gallo had supplied Montagnier with hisvirus, and now both were claiming credit for the discovery.Disharmony in ʺThe BandʺEven more disturbing than the French-American AIDS fracas,however, was the possibility that Gallo may have indeeddiscovered the virus, not in 1984, but at least a decade earlier,and the French most likely knew about it.Support for this frightening theory existed, I realized, not only inthe suspicious and offensive actions Gallo and the NCI took intrying to prevent others from discovering the AIDS virus.Apparently, Gallo resisted and resented the challenge ofidentifying the suspected retrovirus as late as December 1982.Shilts reported with masterful clarity:"Because the genetic material of retroviruses is made of RNAthat must be transcribed to DNA for the construction of viralduplicates, retroviruses need a special enzyme to reproduce - thereverse transcriptase enzyme. By November [1982], Gallo's labhad found evidence of reverse transcriptase in the infectedlymphocytes of AIDS patients. This enzyme, in effect, had left
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EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
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inherent in the production of live
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natural barrier and has been shown
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"DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
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mass of circumstantial and scientif
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investigators, for a grossly uninfo
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NIAID-National Institute for Allerg
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Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
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viruses in the cow carcasses used t
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depend to maintain our relative fre
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ʺThe WHO Does What?ʺ"The only thi
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the buildup of new susceptibles in
Page 26 and 27: In 1964, shortly after President Ke
Page 28 and 29: lymphotrophic (lymph-cell-targeting
Page 30 and 31: immunological and therapeutic proce
Page 32 and 33: substances used in the diagnosis of
Page 34 and 35: Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
Page 36 and 37: In February 1967, as international
Page 38 and 39: experiments conducted at Porton, En
Page 40 and 41: technique, weapon, tactic, or strat
Page 42 and 43: mankind in general, require that th
Page 44 and 45: experimental studies is to be comme
Page 46 and 47: the virus genome, the genetic makeu
Page 48 and 49: [17] Horowitz LG and Kehoe L. Fear
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 4The Road to Fort Detrick R
Page 52 and 53: information, I decided to call the
Page 54 and 55: contamination) to help with manufac
Page 56 and 57: nation. There is but one logical co
Page 58 and 59: each part in terms of objectives -
Page 60 and 61: weapons, and all other methods of b
Page 62 and 63: two checks totaling $33,655.68 to t
Page 64 and 65: Not surprisingly then, among the pr
Page 66 and 67: and biological warfare. Indianapoli
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 5The Emperorʹs New Virus"Y
Page 70 and 71: At that time, retroviruses were see
Page 72 and 73: it up to here with this goddamn dis
Page 74 and 75: Collusion at the TopJim Goedert was
Page 78 and 79: the footprints of a retrovirus allo
Page 80 and 81: questions. Had Gallo been ashamed o
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 6Galloʹs Research Antholog
Page 84 and 85: - - - - -Fig 6.2 - A Model of the N
Page 86 and 87: That same year, Gallo and his cowor
Page 88 and 89: team discussed the synthesis of new
Page 90 and 91: STRINGNER S. YANGROBERT C. TINGBion
Page 92 and 93: and pellets seperated. The pellets
Page 94 and 95: [5] Gallo RC and Breitman TR. The e
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 7An Interview with Dr. Robe
Page 98 and 99: human viruses, and that the genetic
Page 100 and 101: LEN: Now, who was studying that?ROB
Page 102 and 103: father's recommendation that I coul
Page 104 and 105: LEN: OK. Explain this now. Why did
Page 106 and 107: the cancer virus. . . . Nixon was t
Page 108 and 109: LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
Page 110 and 111: ROBERT: If you look in the world, w
Page 112 and 113: ROBERT: They're in the references [
Page 114 and 115: started with BVV.ROBERT: Well, in t
Page 116 and 117: LEN: OK. So what happens then?ROBER
Page 118 and 119: apology Gorbachev offered Reagan ac
Page 120 and 121: slowly, and not fast. And that they
Page 122 and 123: immunodeficiency virus. Nature 1987
Page 124 and 125: GalloRC. Aminoacyl Transfer RNA Pro
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history, organization, and program
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