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Not surprisingly then, among the projects heralded for immediateaction at the new NIH-run facility, was "research on hazardousviruses." The NCI, it was reported, would "use Fort Detrick forthe containment and large scale production of suspected viraltumor agents." [25]The following year, 1971, in the heat of his reelection campaign,Nixon launched the "war on cancer" and soon thereafter, hailedDr. Robert Gallo, the head of the NIH and NCI's Section onCellular Control Mechanisms, for having discovered leukemia'salleged cause - an "RNA-retrovirus." It was then announced thatthe NCI would have a vaccine for cancer available by 1976. [26]This knowledge brought me back to Countway for the final hourof my day. In a mad rush to find anything Gallo had published,my search led me to a fascinating and disturbing discovery: Asthis history-making announcement was being made, Gallo wasdrafting a review article describing his group's methods ofinjecting ribonucleic acids from one strain of virus into otherstrains in an effort to create mutants that functioned just like theAIDS virus. In essence, they developed AIDS-like viruses by theearly 1970s. Their stated purpose was to alter a host's ge<strong>net</strong>icimmunity allegedly to control cancer. Experiments were designedto produce an assortment of lymphocytic leukemias, sarcomas,and opportunistic infections in chickens, mice, rats, sheep, cats,monkeys, and humans. [27]Thirteen years later, President Reagan's Secretary of Health andHuman Services, Margaret Heckler, hailed Dr. Gallo for having"discovered the virus which causes AIDS." [28]The train ride home that night was one I will always remember.It's amazing what you can dig up in libraries, I thought as Isolemnly contemplated the lessons of the day.- - - - -Fig 4.1 - President Nixon Visits Fort Detrick in 1972:
President Richard M. Nixon greets members of the press outsideformer Fort Detrick Headquarters in November 1972. Nixon,under advisement of Henry Kissinger, established FrederickCancer Research and Development Center in former Armylaboratory buildings. This change he heralded by saying the U.S.was "beating its swords into plowshares." Source: Covert NM.'Cutting Edge: A history of Fort Detrick, Maryland 1943-1993.'U.S. Army Garrison Headquarters, Fort Detrick, Maryland21702-5000, p. 83.- - - - -‐NOTES‐[1] Washington Correspondent. Biological warfare: Detrick lefthanging. Nature 1971;229:5279:8.[2] Washington Correspondent. Biological warfare: Relief of FortDetrick. Nature November 28.1970;228:803.[3] Boffey PM. Fort Detrick: A top laboratory is threatened withextinction. Science. January 22,1968;171:262-264.[4] Boffey PM. Detrick birthday: Dispute flares over biologicalwarfare center. Science. April 19,1968;171:285-288.[5] Allen JM, Emerson R, Grant P. Schneiderman HA andSiekevitz P. Science. 1%8;160;834:1287-8.[6] The incomplete reference was given as "Hersh SM. Chemical
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EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
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inherent in the production of live
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natural barrier and has been shown
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"DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
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mass of circumstantial and scientif
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investigators, for a grossly uninfo
Page 14 and 15: NIAID-National Institute for Allerg
Page 16 and 17: Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
Page 18 and 19: viruses in the cow carcasses used t
Page 20 and 21: depend to maintain our relative fre
Page 22 and 23: ʺThe WHO Does What?ʺ"The only thi
Page 24 and 25: the buildup of new susceptibles in
Page 26 and 27: In 1964, shortly after President Ke
Page 28 and 29: lymphotrophic (lymph-cell-targeting
Page 30 and 31: immunological and therapeutic proce
Page 32 and 33: substances used in the diagnosis of
Page 34 and 35: Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
Page 36 and 37: In February 1967, as international
Page 38 and 39: experiments conducted at Porton, En
Page 40 and 41: technique, weapon, tactic, or strat
Page 42 and 43: mankind in general, require that th
Page 44 and 45: experimental studies is to be comme
Page 46 and 47: the virus genome, the genetic makeu
Page 48 and 49: [17] Horowitz LG and Kehoe L. Fear
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 4The Road to Fort Detrick R
Page 52 and 53: information, I decided to call the
Page 54 and 55: contamination) to help with manufac
Page 56 and 57: nation. There is but one logical co
Page 58 and 59: each part in terms of objectives -
Page 60 and 61: weapons, and all other methods of b
Page 62 and 63: two checks totaling $33,655.68 to t
Page 66 and 67: and biological warfare. Indianapoli
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 5The Emperorʹs New Virus"Y
Page 70 and 71: At that time, retroviruses were see
Page 72 and 73: it up to here with this goddamn dis
Page 74 and 75: Collusion at the TopJim Goedert was
Page 76 and 77: HTLV-III publication in Francis's p
Page 78 and 79: the footprints of a retrovirus allo
Page 80 and 81: questions. Had Gallo been ashamed o
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 6Galloʹs Research Antholog
Page 84 and 85: - - - - -Fig 6.2 - A Model of the N
Page 86 and 87: That same year, Gallo and his cowor
Page 88 and 89: team discussed the synthesis of new
Page 90 and 91: STRINGNER S. YANGROBERT C. TINGBion
Page 92 and 93: and pellets seperated. The pellets
Page 94 and 95: [5] Gallo RC and Breitman TR. The e
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 7An Interview with Dr. Robe
Page 98 and 99: human viruses, and that the genetic
Page 100 and 101: LEN: Now, who was studying that?ROB
Page 102 and 103: father's recommendation that I coul
Page 104 and 105: LEN: OK. Explain this now. Why did
Page 106 and 107: the cancer virus. . . . Nixon was t
Page 108 and 109: LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
Page 110 and 111: ROBERT: If you look in the world, w
Page 112 and 113: ROBERT: They're in the references [
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started with BVV.ROBERT: Well, in t
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LEN: OK. So what happens then?ROBER
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apology Gorbachev offered Reagan ac
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slowly, and not fast. And that they
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immunodeficiency virus. Nature 1987
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GalloRC. Aminoacyl Transfer RNA Pro
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history, organization, and program
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