GalloRC. Aminoacyl Transfer RNA Profiles in Human MyelomaCells. Blood 1971; 38;2:246-252.[15] I was unable to find direct evidence that Montagnier hadworked side-by-side with Gallo at the NCI. However, I locatedample evidence that the two traveled in some of the samescientific circles, and attended many of the same cancer virusconferences. It is clear they were aware of each others' researchfrom the late 1960s. Also, Montagnier published a report thatsuggested links between LAV/HTLV-III and the bovine leukemiavirus. See: Alizon M and Montagnier L. Relationship of AIDS toother retroviruses. Nature 1985;313:743.[16] Strecker's comments about the "famous cat houseexperiments," wherein Don Francis and Robert Gallo allegedlyknew it was possible for mutant forms of feline leukemia virus(FeLV) to jump species to humans, are supported by parallelpresentations made by the researchers during the same ColdSpring Harbor conference in 1980 See: Gutensohn N, Essex M,Francis DP and Hardy, Jr. WD. Risk to humans from exposure tofeline leukemia virus: Epidemiological considerations; andWong-Staal F, Koshy R and Gallo RC. Feline leukemia virusgenomes associated with the domestic cat: A survey of normaland leukemic animals. In: <strong>Viruses</strong> in Naturally OccurringCancers: Book A. Essex M, Todaro G, and zur Hausen H, Eds.Cold Spring Harbor Conferences on Cell Proliferation, Vol. 7,New York: Cold Spring Hamor Laboratory, 1980, pp. 699-706;623-634.[17] World Health Organization Report. Five years of researchon virus diseases. WHO Chronicle 1969 23;12:564-572; WorldHealth Organization Report. Recent work on virus diseases.WHO Chronicle 1974;28:410-413; Kalter SS and Heberling RL.The study of simian viruses-work of the WHO collaboratinglaboratory on comparative medicine: Simian viruses. WHOChronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[18] Strecker was also accurate in reporting that Salk andcolleagues at The Salk Institute had been researching RNA andDNA retroviruses including the simian monkey virus (SV40)with financial support from the NCI and the West German Max-Planck Society. Thus, Salk quite plausibly participated, asStrecker alleged, in writing up the history of AIDS virusresearch, and in making "up a story." See: Tonegawa S, Walter Gand Dulbecco R. Transcription of SV 40 genome transformedand lytically infected cells; Eckhart W. Induction of cellularDNA synthesis after infection by polyoma virus: viral geneexpression in the presence of hydroxyurea. (Both research teamsfrom The Salk Institute) In: The Biology of Oncogenic <strong>Viruses</strong>.Proceedings of the second Lepetit Colloquium, Paris France,November 1970. LG Silvestri, Ed. New York: Elsevier, 1971, pp.65-75;290-294.[19] Beardsley T. AIDS: Pasteur sues over patent. Nature1985;318:595; Palca J. AIDS: US wins round in patent row.Nature 1986;322:200; Palca J. Franco--US agreement on AIDS
test within sight: AIDS patent dispute near end? France andUnited States call truce. Nature 1987;326:115; See also: Staffwriter. Settling the AIDS virus dispute. Nature 1987;326:425-426; Anderson C and Butler PD. US rejects French request toreopen AIDS patent deal. Nature 1987;326:425-426; RensbergerB. AIDS scientist Gallo, rival meet to discuss cooperation. TheWashington Post, Saturday January 9, 1993, p. A2; Anderson C.Scientific misconduct: Popovic is cleared on all charges; Gallocase in doubt. Science 1993;262:981-983; Culliton BJ.Misconduct charges against Gallo withdrawn after Popovicdecision. Nature 1993;366:191; Brown Dand SchwartzI. Caseagainst AIDS scientist dropped: Agency decides evidenceinsufficient to sustain Gallo charges. The Washington PostSaturday, November 13, 1993, pp AI;16; Greenberg DS. End ofthe Gallo case-maybe. The Lancet 1993;342:1289; Staff writer.What to do about scientific misconduct. Nature 194;369:261-262.[20] Gutensohn N, Essex M, Francis DP and Hardy, Jr. WD. Riskto humans from exposure to feline leukemia virus:Epidemiological considerations; and Wong-Staal F, Koshy R andGallo RC. Feline leukemia virus genomes associated with thedomestic cat: A survey of normal and leukemic animals. In:Vruses in Naturally Occurring Cancers: BookA. Essex M,Todaro G, and zur Hausen H, EdS. Cold Spring HarborConferences on Cell Proliferation, Vol. 7, New York: ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory, 1980, pp.699-706; 623-634.[21] Gold M. Conspiracy of Cells Albany, NY: State Universityof New York Press, 1986.[22] Szmuness W, Stevens CE, Harley EJ, Zang EA and OleszkoWR et al. Hepatitis B vaccine: Demonstration of efficacy in acontrolled clinical trial in a high-risk population in the UnitedStates. New England Journal of Medicine 1980;303;15:833-841.Regarding Szmuness, I later learned from AIDS researcher andphysician Alan Cantwell, Jr. that Wolf Szmuness became aprofessor of epidemiology at Columbia University School ofPublic Health, and chief of epidemiology at the New York CityBlood Center in Manhattan shortly after his arrival in the UnitedStates. According to Cantwell, who credits Magic Shots (1982)by Allan Chase, Szmuness was born in 1919 in Poland, and cameto the United States in 1968 after being expelled from Poland "bythe communist government in an anti-semitic purge." With noother history, it is interesting that Szmuness, so quickly, in 1969,became the chief epidemiologist at the New York City BloodCenter. For more information see: Cantwell A. AIDS and theDoctors of Death: An Inquiry into the Origin of the AIDSEpidemic. Los Angeles: Aries Rising Press, 1988.[23] An epitope is a molecular region on the surface of aninvading microorganism or infectious agent capable of elicitingan immune response and of combining with the specific antibodyproduced by such a response. It is also called a "determinant," or"antigenic determinant."[24] Gardner WU. International union against cancer: Brief
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EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
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inherent in the production of live
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natural barrier and has been shown
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"DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
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mass of circumstantial and scientif
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investigators, for a grossly uninfo
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NIAID-National Institute for Allerg
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Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
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viruses in the cow carcasses used t
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depend to maintain our relative fre
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ʺThe WHO Does What?ʺ"The only thi
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the buildup of new susceptibles in
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In 1964, shortly after President Ke
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lymphotrophic (lymph-cell-targeting
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immunological and therapeutic proce
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substances used in the diagnosis of
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Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
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In February 1967, as international
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experiments conducted at Porton, En
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technique, weapon, tactic, or strat
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mankind in general, require that th
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experimental studies is to be comme
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the virus genome, the genetic makeu
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[17] Horowitz LG and Kehoe L. Fear
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Chapter 4The Road to Fort Detrick R
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information, I decided to call the
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contamination) to help with manufac
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nation. There is but one logical co
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each part in terms of objectives -
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weapons, and all other methods of b
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two checks totaling $33,655.68 to t
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Not surprisingly then, among the pr
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and biological warfare. Indianapoli
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Chapter 5The Emperorʹs New Virus"Y
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At that time, retroviruses were see
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it up to here with this goddamn dis
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