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weapons, and all other methods of biological warfare.-The U.S. will confine its biological research to defensivemeasures such as immunization and safety measures, and-The Department of Defense has been asked to makerecommendations as to the disposal of existing stocks ofbacteriological weapons." " [13,15]Nixon's recommendation to Congress went further than theposition of many other countries that had earlier ratified theprotocol in suggesting that "bacteriological weapons will neverbe used, whatever other countries may do." [15]In an accompanying document, Nixon's Secretary of StateWilliam P. Rogers made it clear that "the United StatesGovernment considers that toxins, however manufactured, willbe considered as biological weapons and not chemical weapons."In this and other ways, Nature observed, "the position of theUnited States on chemical and biological weapons" had been"transformed within the short space of a year." (see fig. 4.1)The Ruse<strong>By</strong> November 1970, a year after Nixon ratified the GenevaProtocol, nothing had changed except the public's perception ofCBW risk. [16] Rather than receive the promised annual cut inbiological warfare research funding, the DOD's BW budgetincreased from $21.9 to $23.2 million. The stockpiledbioweapons Nixon pledged would be rapidly destroyed remainedintact in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, and the announced transition ofFort Detrick from a BW testing facility to a solely defensive NIHrun health research lab had not occurred.'Nature' carefully followed the events from Washington,Bethesda, and Fort Detrick, and reported:"The general absence of forward movement in the directionpointed by President Nixon is ascribed by some to skillfuldelaying tactics by the Army, which is held to be determined notto drop its biological weapons until its hand is forced. . . . Nixonseems not to have been properly briefed on the extent of thelikely opposition [to the cuts]." [16]I later learned that, indeed, Nixon may not have been properlyadvised, but the ruse was by no means an accident.The BPL Exercise"Would this library have the Rockefeller Commission's report onCIA Wrongdoing?" I asked Mike, one of several Countwaylibrarians stationed at the on-line services center. I was interestedin following up a hunch that the CIA, reportedly involved in LSD
and other drug experiments, might have also been involved inviral research. A Canadian colleague had mentioned theRockefeller report might be available through a local library.[17,18]"Let me check," Mike replied; then he quickly keyed in a fewwords on his PC. "That's over in the BPL, The Boston PubicLibrary. They have a copy available in the governmentdocuments office.""All right. Thanks."That afternoon I visited the BPL's government documents officeand asked one of the librarians for assistance in tracking downthe CIA wrong-doing report."That'll be a few minutes," the librarian responded after I handedhim my completed request form. "Have a seat and we'll bring itright to you."I made myself comfortable in a seat adjacent a functioning PC.The screen displayed a search menu that beckoned my curiosity.Just for the hell of it I thought, I typed the words, "biologicalweapons" and "CIA" in the subject field. Then I pressed the Enterkey. To my surprise, the screen filled with data-referencesregarding the CIA and biological weapons.Somewhat astonished, I suddenly realized how easy it was toaccess infor-mation I assumed would be classified. I selected andthen output the information to the printer.The hardcopy included Soviet, Caribbean, and CubanInternational Affairs references. "Belitskiy on How, Where AIDSVirus Originated," read one title. It documented a Moscow WorldService broadcast in English. Another, "Commentary AccusesU.S. of Developing AIDS Virus," was broadcast by the HavanaInternational Service. A third in the Caribbean press was tagged"German Claims AIDS Created by Pentagon." [19-21]Moments later, the BPL librarian returned with the RockefellerCommission report about the CIA. Before he left, I asked how Imight locate the documents I had just learned about. He told methey were on microfilm two floors up. Within a couple of hours, Ihad retrieved and read them all.Apparently, several researchers throughout the world - Dr. JohnSeale from London, Dr. Maneul Servin in Mexico, and Dr.Jacobo Segal from Berlin - had alleged what Strecker had. TheRussian report even cited a West German company namedOTRAG for having conducted green monkey virus experimentsin Zaire that had allegedly led to the development of "a mutantvirus that would be a human killer." [19]I filed these documents neatly away for later reference.The Rockefeller Commission Report on CIAWrongdoingIn the spring of 1970, after Congress granted DOD funds for thedevelopment of AIDS-like viruses, the CIA illegally "forwarded
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EMERGING VIRUSES: AIDS &EBOLANature
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inherent in the production of live
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natural barrier and has been shown
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"DAVID was an alcoholic, an active
Page 10 and 11: mass of circumstantial and scientif
Page 12 and 13: investigators, for a grossly uninfo
Page 14 and 15: NIAID-National Institute for Allerg
Page 16 and 17: Part IIntroduction and Scientific B
Page 18 and 19: viruses in the cow carcasses used t
Page 20 and 21: depend to maintain our relative fre
Page 22 and 23: ʺThe WHO Does What?ʺ"The only thi
Page 24 and 25: the buildup of new susceptibles in
Page 26 and 27: In 1964, shortly after President Ke
Page 28 and 29: lymphotrophic (lymph-cell-targeting
Page 30 and 31: immunological and therapeutic proce
Page 32 and 33: substances used in the diagnosis of
Page 34 and 35: Chronicle 1969;23;3:112-117.[20] Si
Page 36 and 37: In February 1967, as international
Page 38 and 39: experiments conducted at Porton, En
Page 40 and 41: technique, weapon, tactic, or strat
Page 42 and 43: mankind in general, require that th
Page 44 and 45: experimental studies is to be comme
Page 46 and 47: the virus genome, the genetic makeu
Page 48 and 49: [17] Horowitz LG and Kehoe L. Fear
Page 50 and 51: Chapter 4The Road to Fort Detrick R
Page 52 and 53: information, I decided to call the
Page 54 and 55: contamination) to help with manufac
Page 56 and 57: nation. There is but one logical co
Page 58 and 59: each part in terms of objectives -
Page 62 and 63: two checks totaling $33,655.68 to t
Page 64 and 65: Not surprisingly then, among the pr
Page 66 and 67: and biological warfare. Indianapoli
Page 68 and 69: Chapter 5The Emperorʹs New Virus"Y
Page 70 and 71: At that time, retroviruses were see
Page 72 and 73: it up to here with this goddamn dis
Page 74 and 75: Collusion at the TopJim Goedert was
Page 76 and 77: HTLV-III publication in Francis's p
Page 78 and 79: the footprints of a retrovirus allo
Page 80 and 81: questions. Had Gallo been ashamed o
Page 82 and 83: Chapter 6Galloʹs Research Antholog
Page 84 and 85: - - - - -Fig 6.2 - A Model of the N
Page 86 and 87: That same year, Gallo and his cowor
Page 88 and 89: team discussed the synthesis of new
Page 90 and 91: STRINGNER S. YANGROBERT C. TINGBion
Page 92 and 93: and pellets seperated. The pellets
Page 94 and 95: [5] Gallo RC and Breitman TR. The e
Page 96 and 97: Chapter 7An Interview with Dr. Robe
Page 98 and 99: human viruses, and that the genetic
Page 100 and 101: LEN: Now, who was studying that?ROB
Page 102 and 103: father's recommendation that I coul
Page 104 and 105: LEN: OK. Explain this now. Why did
Page 106 and 107: the cancer virus. . . . Nixon was t
Page 108 and 109: LEN: OK.ROBERT: And. . . that's the
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ROBERT: If you look in the world, w
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ROBERT: They're in the references [
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started with BVV.ROBERT: Well, in t
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LEN: OK. So what happens then?ROBER
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apology Gorbachev offered Reagan ac
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slowly, and not fast. And that they
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immunodeficiency virus. Nature 1987
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GalloRC. Aminoacyl Transfer RNA Pro
Page 126 and 127:
history, organization, and program
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