100% <strong>of</strong> all health benefits to a single park or trail if there are alternative placespeople are being physically active.3.6.9 ReferencesAmerican Heart Association (AHA). a: 2004. Physical Activity <strong>and</strong> Cardiovascular Health Fact Sheet. Available athttp://americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=820 b: 2003. Heart Disease <strong>and</strong> Stroke Statistics — 2004 Update. Available athttp://americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1079736729696HDSStats2004UpdateREV3-19-04.pdfAmerican River Parkway Financial Needs Study. August 10, 2000. Prepared for theAmerican River Parkway Funding Group <strong>and</strong> Sacramento County Regional <strong>Parks</strong>Recreation <strong>and</strong> Open Space Department by the Dangermond Group. Available athttp://www.sacparks.net/index.htmlAtkinson, Tina. July 29, 2004. Recreation Specialist/Heart N' <strong>Parks</strong>, Montgomery CountyRecreation Department. Email communication.Bricklin, M., <strong>and</strong> Spilner, M. 1992. Prevention's Practical Encyclopedia <strong>of</strong> Walking forHealth: From Age-Reversal to Weight Loss, the Most Complete Guide Ever Written.St Martins Press.Broadwater, Lisa. Spring 2004. The Medical Mile: A Heart-healthy Addition to theArkansas River Trail. UALR (University <strong>of</strong> Arkansas at Little Rock) Magazine.Available at http://www.arkansasbusiness.com/ualr/article.asp?id=234Brownson, Ross. 2000. Promoting Physical Activity in Rural Communities Walking Trail Access,Use, & Effects. American Journal <strong>of</strong> Prev. Med:18, 235-241. July 2004.A Community-Based Approach to Promoting Walking in Rural Areas.American Journal <strong>of</strong> Prev. Med.Center for Disease Control <strong>and</strong> Prevention (CDC) a: The Importance <strong>of</strong> Physical Activity. National Center for Chronic DiseasePrevention <strong>and</strong> Health Promotion, Division <strong>of</strong> Nutrition <strong>and</strong> Physical Activity.Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/importance/index.htm b: National Center for Health Statistics.o Prevalence <strong>of</strong> Overweight Among Children <strong>and</strong> Adolescents: United States,1999-2000. Available athttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overwght99.htmo Prevalence <strong>of</strong> Overweight <strong>and</strong> Obesity Among Adults: United States, 1999-2000. Available athttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/obese/obse99.htm109
Chenoweth, David ; DeJong, Glenna; Sheppard, Lorinda; Lieber; Marilyn. 2003. ExecutiveSummary: The <strong>Economic</strong> Cost <strong>of</strong> Physical Inactivity in Michigan. Michigan FitnessFoundation. Available athttp://www.michiganfitness.org/indexpagedownloads/Cost<strong>of</strong>Inactivity.pdfEnvironmental Protection Agency. October 8, 2003. Travel <strong>and</strong> Environmental Implications<strong>of</strong> School Siting. Available at http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/school_travel.htmExploring The Active Lifestyle Executive Summary. January 2004. An Outdoor IndustryFoundation Consumer Outreach Report. Available at http://www.outdoorindustry.orgFinkelstein, EA, Fiebelkorn, IC, <strong>and</strong> Wang, G. May 2003. National medical spendingattributable to overweight <strong>and</strong> obesity: How much, <strong>and</strong> who’s paying? [webexclusive] Health Affairs; W3; 219–226. Available athttp://www.asu.edu/educ/epsl/CERU/Articles/CERU-0305-71-OWI.pdfGuide to Community Preventive Services. December 26, 2002. Creating or ImprovingAccess to Places for Physical Activity is Strongly Recommended to Increase PhysicalActivity. Available at http://www.thecommunityguide.org/pa/pa-int-create-access.pdfHuston, S., Evenson, K., Bors, P., et al. 2003. Neighborhood environment, access to placesfor activity, <strong>and</strong> leisure-time physical activity in a diverse North Carolina population.American Journal <strong>of</strong> Health Promotion, 18, 58-69.International City/County Management Association (ICMA). 2004. Active LivingApproaches by Local Government, 2004. Available at http://icma.org/activelivingLee, B.K., 1999. The dynamic nature <strong>of</strong> emotions during a trail based leisure experience: anapplication <strong>of</strong> affect control theory (ACT). Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,Department <strong>of</strong> Recreation, Park <strong>and</strong> Tourism Sciences, Texas A&M University,College Station, TX.Massachusetts Division <strong>of</strong> Health Care Finance <strong>and</strong> Policy. 2000. Hospital Discharge Data.See http://www.mass.gov/dhcfp/National Recreation <strong>and</strong> Park Association. April 1, 2004. Press Release: Major InitiativeAttacks Obesity through Recreation. Available at http://www.nrpa.orgOutdoor Recreation in America 2000: Addressing Key Societal Concerns. Prepared for theRecreation Roundtable by Roper Starch. September 2000. Available athttp://www.funoutdoors.com/Rec00/index.htmlPatton, Carol. May 2, 2004.Curing Wellness. Human Resource Executive.Powell, K.E., Martin, L., Chowdhury, P.P. 2003. Places to walk: convenience <strong>and</strong> regularphysical activity. American Journal <strong>of</strong> Public Health, 93, 1519-1521.110
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PARKS, RIVERS,
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AcknowledgementsI am grateful to ma
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3.5.5 Sources of Information.......
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Table 28. Hiking/Walking Organizati
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1 IntroductionParks, rivers, trails
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Table 1.SectionAgency ExpendituresC
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provide communities with economic,
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the most current information on the
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3.1 Agency ExpendituresThis section
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grants. About 25% of capital expend
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The Marin Conservation Corps (MCC)
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already been implemented and is ope
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Table 5.Net Benefit Per Participant
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WEST VIRGINIAWISCONSINEarthCorpsFed
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contracts that gross over $800 mill
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3.2.2 Special EventsRevenue enhanci
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park experience to an audience who
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you have the opportunity to determi
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Use good survey methods. The better
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California. A Report to The Sierra
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powered activities 3 , a participan
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Table 11. 2003 Sport Footwear Purch
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3.3.4 Fish and Wildlife-Related Rec
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EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENSESTotal $
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Table 17. Estimates of Retail Expen
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Table 19. U.S. Ski & Snowboard Indu
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and from services related to the Pa
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o $60 million in Harris County, TX,
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League ofAmericanBicyclistsNational
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SportingGoodsManufacturersAssociati
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necessarily better, especially in s
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Perspective. Available at http://ww
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o Washington: $209 milliono West Vi
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