powered activities 3 , a participant level up 8% from 1998, with an average participationfrequency <strong>of</strong> 54 times in the past 2 years. In fact, the growth <strong>of</strong> the participant base hasoutpaced natural population growth by a wide margin (OIA, 2004). Human poweredactivities with wide appeal, easy accessibility, affordability, familiarity <strong>and</strong> minimalphysical dem<strong>and</strong>s drew the largest numbers <strong>of</strong> Americans. For example, 30% <strong>of</strong> thepopulation bicycle mainly on paved roads an average <strong>of</strong> 52.3 times in the past 2 years,27% <strong>of</strong> American hiked an average <strong>of</strong> 21.5 times in the past 2 years, <strong>and</strong> 25% campednearly 6 times in the past 2 years (OIF, 2004). Participation in recreation activities varies by region, income <strong>and</strong> race, but outdoorrecreation is a widespread phenomenon. Nearly nine out <strong>of</strong> ten Americans (87%)participated in an outdoor recreational activity within the past twelve months <strong>and</strong> infact, they participated in a mean <strong>of</strong> 5.4 different activities out <strong>of</strong> the 37 outdoorrecreation activities tracked in the study (Roper, 2004). One study showed that in the past two years, participants spent an average <strong>of</strong> $787 foroutdoor activities -- $301 on apparel <strong>and</strong> $487 on equipment. People spent differentamounts at various types <strong>of</strong> retail stores. Average spending at outdoor specialty storeswas $1,485, compared to $1,079 at outdoor chain stores/sporting good stores, $848 atdiscount stores, <strong>and</strong> $1,656 online (OIF, 2004).Table 8. Average Amount Spent in the Past 2 Years by Participants (OIF, 2004)Backpacking/Hiking Apparel $342Backpacking/Hiking Equipment $596Bicycling (Paved Road) Apparel $326Bicycling (Paved Road) Equipment $524Bicycling (Off Road) Apparel $461Bicycling (Off Road) Equipment $862Birdwatching Apparel $366Birdwatching Equipment $667Camping Apparel $351Camping Equipment $626Climbing Apparel $570Climbing Equipment $967Cross Country/Nordic/Telemark Skiing Apparel $807Cross Country/Nordic/Telemark Skiing Equipment $1,739Fly Fishing Apparel $761Fly Fishing Equipment $1,696Paddle Sports Apparel $409Paddle Sports Equipment $780Snowboarding/Downhill Skiing Apparel $587Snowboarding/Downhill Skiing Equipment $1,004Snowshoeing Apparel $753Snowshoeing Equipment $1,432Trail Running Apparel $544Trail Running Equipment $7243 Core activities include backpacking, bicycling, bird watching, canoeing, camping, climbing, skiing, fishing,hiking, kayaking, rafting, snowshoeing, <strong>and</strong> trail running.33
Consumer purchases <strong>of</strong> sporting goods, in general, were even more significant. Not all<strong>of</strong> these purchases are for use in parks <strong>and</strong> along trails, but in 2002, nearly $78 billion<strong>of</strong> durable goods were purchased.Table 9. Consumer Purchases by Category, Sales <strong>of</strong> Sporting Goods (2003)Equipment $21,799,000,000Footwear $14,446,000,000Clothing $9,573,000,000Subtotal $45,797,000,000Recreational Transport (Bicycles, $32,788,000,000pleasure boats, RVs <strong>and</strong>snowmobiles; projections providedby other associations.)TOTAL $ 78,585,000,000According to the Sporting Goods Manufacturers Association, between 1990 <strong>and</strong>2002 (est.) the U.S. wholesale market for sports apparel <strong>and</strong> athletic footwear grewto $31.3 billion from $20.6 billion (Columbia, 2004)Consider the various sports that take place in your park or along your trail system.Use the following tables for ideas <strong>of</strong> sporting equipment that people may use whenthey participate <strong>and</strong> how much such equipment costs. The Sporting GoodsManufacturers Association also publishes data manufacturers’ shipments inwholesale dollars for the industry. 4Table 10. 2003 Consumer Equipment Purchases by Sport (NSGA, 2004)Archery$281.1 millionBaseball & S<strong>of</strong>tball$340.9 millionBasketball$306.3 millionCamping$1,484.4 millionExercise$4,726.9 millionFishing Tackle$1,981.4 millionFootball$83.2 millionHockey & Ice Skates$149.7 millionHunting & Firearms$2,508.6 millionOptics$840.1 millionSkin Diving & Scuba Gear$337.8 millionSkiing, Cross-Country$44.6 millionSoccer Balls$63.5 millionTennis$343.1 millionVolleyball & Badminton Sets $30.8 millionWater Skis$51.0 millionWheel Sports & Pogo Sticks $439.7 millionTeam Goods Sales$2,467.8 million4 http://www.sgma.com/reports/data/2004/market-rec-report2004.pdf34
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3.5 Estimating the Effects of Spend
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“leakage” of money from the reg
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Keep in mind that multipliers are s
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3.5.4 How to Use These Rationales i
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economy, only those expenditures th
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For example, be aware of the differ
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3.6 Health Care and FitnessThis sec
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active, approximately $575 million
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already had one heart attacko Impro
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uilt as part of sound policy to pro
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accounting for 14 million disabilit
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park amenities available or do not
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National Coalitionfor PromotingPhys
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100% of all health benefits to a si
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Pratt M, Macera CA, Wang G. 2000. H
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costs than normal weight; moderate
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References for Additional Informati
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3.7 Benefit EstimationParks, rivers
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Table 47.Forecasted Average Benefit
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Table 48.CriteriaRecreationExperien
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people using carefully designed and
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special government funds for causes
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Loomis, J. B., and White, D.S. 1996
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Economic Assessment for the Necedah
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Commercial UsesExpenditures byResid
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Outcomes Expenditures by GGNRA mana
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local transportation admissions and
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3.8.8 Educational ValueWhile it may
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the same municipality that are furt
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that do require storm water managem
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Summary of ActionsSimilar to corpor
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3.9 Resource Book AppendicesSeveral
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6. Spending in the area. Please rep
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local economy aren’t bringing in
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4 ConclusionIn 1995, the National P