Economic Impacts of Parks, Rivers, Trails and Greenways

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Loomis, J. B., and White, D.S. 1996. Economic values of increasingly rare and endangeredfish. Fisheries 21(11):6-11.Loomis, J. 1989. Quantifying the economic value of public trust resources using thecontingent valuation method: a case study of the Mono Lake decision. Trans. 54th N.A. Wildlife and natural resources conference, 1989.Rosenberger, Randall S., Loomis, John B. 2001. Benefit transfer of outdoor recreation usevalues: A technical document supporting the Forest Service Strategic Plan (2000 revision).Gen. Tech. Rep. RMRS-GTR-72. Fort Collins, CO: U.S. Department of Agriculture, ForestService, Rocky Mountain Research Station. Available at http://www.fs.fed.us/Smith, V.K. 1997. "Pricing What is Priceless: A Status Report on Non-Market Valuation ofEnvironmental Resources," in Folmer, H. and T. Tietenberg, eds., The InternationalYearbook of Environmental and Resource Economics 1997/1998, Edward ElgarPublishing Company.Spickard, Steven E. June 1978. “The Economic Benefits Generated for the East BayCommunity by its Regional Park System; A Report to the East Bay Regional ParkDistrict.” Berkeley, CA: University of California, Department of City and RegionalPlanning.U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 2004. Unit Day Values for Recreation, Fiscal Year 2004.Economic Guidance Memorandum 04-03. Directorate of Civil Works, Planning andPolicy. Available athttp://www.usace.army.mil/inet/functions/cw/cecwp/General_guidance/egm04-03.pdfUSDA Forest Service. 1999. Fish Facts. Available athttp://svinet2.fs.fed.us/biology/fish/facts2.htmlWalsh, Richard G., Larry D. Sanders, and John B. Loomis. 1984. "Measuring the EconomicBenefits of Proposed Wild and Scenic Rivers." In, Popadic, et al., editors, 1984National River Recreation Symposium Proceedings. Baton Rouge, LA: Department ofLandscape Architecture, Louisiana State University.Wolter, Stephen A. and Lindsey, Greg. November 30, 2001. Summary Report: IndianaTrails Study- A Study of Trails in 6 Indiana Cities. Prepared by Eppley Institute forParks & Public Lands at Indiana University, and Center for Urban Policy & theEnvironment at Purdue University. Available at http://www.in.gov/dot/projects/trails/3.7.10 Sample AnalysesEconomic benefits of recreational fishing in the Golden Trout Wilderness (CA) in 2003 Estimated Benefit: $148,000-$713,000, not including non-fishing recreation valuesor passive use values. In this case the option value would be what accrues from127
maintaining the ability to fish for the species in the future. The existence value tothe general public would come from knowing that the California state fish continuesto thrive in the wild, and the bequest value stems from providing viable populationsof the golden trout for future generations.In this report, day values for fishing in the Pacific Coast Area (defined to include thestates of Washington, Oregon, and California) were applied to fishing use data forthe Golden Trout Wilderness. The most recent available studies suggested anaverage value per person per day of $40.67 (in 2002 dollars), which was estimatedusing contingent valuation. The Forest Service used $12 per fishing day to estimatethe value of fishing days in the Inyo and Sequoia national forests in 1982, whichconverted to $19.92 per day in 2002 dollars. The estimates of angler days weremultiplied by the values per day to derive a minimum and maximum value forvarious entry points in the area, yielding a range of $147,592 to $713,310 forrecreational fishing in the Golden Trout Wilderness. Using the lower Forest Servicevalue of $19.92 per angler day, the total value ranged from $72,290 to $349,377.Table 50. Economic Benefit of Golden Trout per Fishing Day, By Access, at $40.67per Angler DayFishing ValueUpper BoundFishing ValueLower BoundWilderness PermitsEast - Inyo National Forest $185,740 $38,433West - Sequoia National ForestMore than More thanSubtotal$270,049More than$455, 789$55,881More than$94,314Pack Stations:East - Inyo National ForestCottonwood Creek Pack Station $1,870 $407Rock Creek Pack Station $5,653 $1,179West - Sequoia National ForestBalch Park Pack Station $5,002 $1,017Golden Trout Wilderness Packtrains $25,052 $5,165Mineral King Pack Station $2,318 $488Subtotal $39,896 $8,256Monache Jeep Road $217,625 $45,022TotalMore than$713,310More than$147,592Source: Alkire, Carolyn. Economic Value of Golden Trout Fishing in the Golden Trout Wilderness,California. March 21, 2003. The Wilderness Society. Available at www.wilderness.org128
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PARKS, RIVERS,
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AcknowledgementsI am grateful to ma
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3.5.5 Sources of Information.......
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Table 28. Hiking/Walking Organizati
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1 IntroductionParks, rivers, trails
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Table 1.SectionAgency ExpendituresC
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provide communities with economic,
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the most current information on the
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3.1 Agency ExpendituresThis section
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grants. About 25% of capital expend
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The Marin Conservation Corps (MCC)
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already been implemented and is ope
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Table 5.Net Benefit Per Participant
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WEST VIRGINIAWISCONSINEarthCorpsFed
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contracts that gross over $800 mill
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3.2.2 Special EventsRevenue enhanci
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park experience to an audience who
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you have the opportunity to determi
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Use good survey methods. The better
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California. A Report to The Sierra
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powered activities 3 , a participan
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Table 11. 2003 Sport Footwear Purch
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3.3.4 Fish and Wildlife-Related Rec
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EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENSESTotal $
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Table 17. Estimates of Retail Expen
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Table 19. U.S. Ski & Snowboard Indu
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and from services related to the Pa
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o $60 million in Harris County, TX,
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League ofAmericanBicyclistsNational
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SportingGoodsManufacturersAssociati
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necessarily better, especially in s
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Perspective. Available at http://ww
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o Washington: $209 milliono West Vi
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Economic Output Retail Sales Salari
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Economic Output Retail Sales Salari
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Table 35. Economic Impact of Sportf
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All Anglers Non-Resident/Tourist An
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Table 37. Per Capita Travel Receipt
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their decision to return in the fut
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Table 39. Visitors and Spending in
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2003). Data from California Departm
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over 2003, despite high gas prices,
Page 86 and 87: management changes or actions are e
Page 88 and 89: accommodations used, and other trip
Page 90 and 91: http://www.ncdot.org/transit/bicycl
Page 92 and 93: 3.5 Estimating the Effects of Spend
Page 94 and 95: “leakage” of money from the reg
Page 96 and 97: Keep in mind that multipliers are s
Page 98 and 99: 3.5.4 How to Use These Rationales i
Page 100 and 101: economy, only those expenditures th
Page 102 and 103: For example, be aware of the differ
Page 104 and 105: 3.6 Health Care and FitnessThis sec
Page 106 and 107: active, approximately $575 million
Page 108 and 109: already had one heart attacko Impro
Page 110 and 111: uilt as part of sound policy to pro
Page 112 and 113: accounting for 14 million disabilit
Page 114 and 115: park amenities available or do not
Page 116 and 117: National Coalitionfor PromotingPhys
Page 118 and 119: 100% of all health benefits to a si
Page 120 and 121: Pratt M, Macera CA, Wang G. 2000. H
Page 122 and 123: costs than normal weight; moderate
Page 124 and 125: References for Additional Informati
Page 126 and 127: 3.7 Benefit EstimationParks, rivers
Page 128 and 129: Table 47.Forecasted Average Benefit
Page 130 and 131: Table 48.CriteriaRecreationExperien
Page 132 and 133: people using carefully designed and
Page 134 and 135: special government funds for causes
Page 138 and 139: Economic Assessment for the Necedah
Page 140 and 141: Commercial UsesExpenditures byResid
Page 142 and 143: Outcomes Expenditures by GGNRA mana
Page 144 and 145: local transportation admissions and
Page 146 and 147: 3.8.8 Educational ValueWhile it may
Page 148 and 149: the same municipality that are furt
Page 150 and 151: that do require storm water managem
Page 152 and 153: Summary of ActionsSimilar to corpor
Page 154 and 155: 3.9 Resource Book AppendicesSeveral
Page 156 and 157: 6. Spending in the area. Please rep
Page 158 and 159: local economy aren’t bringing in
Page 160 and 161: 4 ConclusionIn 1995, the National P
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