Economic Impacts of Parks, Rivers, Trails and Greenways

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Summary of ActionsSimilar to corporate location decisions the effect of GGNRA on retirement locationdecisions cannot be easily quantified. The best option might once again be to add questionsto surveys of partner organizations, park volunteers and park users:1. Are you retired and living in the Bay Area?2. If yes, how important was GGNRA or one of its member parks in your decision toretire in this area? What percentage of your decision would you attribute toGGNRA?3. How much money do you have invested through a local bank or broker? What isyour annual income and what percentage of that income do you spend locally in anaverage year?OutcomesAs with a corporate location survey the eventual goal would be to develop a rough estimateof the number of seniors who have relocated to or stayed in the Bay Area specifically forthe recreational amenities that GGNRA offers. If income and local expenditure data fromthese seniors could be gathered, a rough estimate of the impact of the seniors on the localeconomy might be developed.3.8.14 Estimating the Effects of SpendingAs mentioned in other sections, GGNRA-related expenditures create indirect and inducedeffects because spending often circulates in the local area beyond the initial purchase.Businesses and employees are able to use their income to purchase additional goods andservices from other businesses in a variety of sectors. The sum of all these effects will showhow GGNRA generates economic activity within the local, regional and even nationaleconomy. Models such as MGM2 can be used to determine the broader economic impacton an area from this effect. The validity of results from models, however, depends on theaccuracy of inputs such as the number of visitors to GGNRA and their direct spendingprofiles, knowledge of the structure and diversity of the local economy, and quantity ofinput supplies purchased within the local community compared to those that “leak” outsidethe area of interest. Multipliers, the ratios used to estimate the indirect and induced effects,must therefore be chosen carefully. They are often derived from input-output models suchas IMPLAN, which show the flow of money between industries in a particular economicactivity by county.Summary of Actions1. Revisit the scope of the economy/community to be considered (city, region, etc) forconsistency. The larger and more diverse the area is, the greater the economic impactbecause more dollars will circulate within it. Also, it may be hard to acquire spendingdata within an obscure boundary.2. Collect visitation and expenditure data for the area so that daily expenditures can bemultiplied by the number of users. Consider what portion of expenditures can beattributed to GGNRA and were purchased locally, then amortize over time. Large143
purchases that will last a number of years should be divided over the life of theequipment. Combine this information with an accurate multiplier to chart the overalleffect of expenditures on the economy.3. Decide whether the analysis will include only current statistics or if future impacts willalso be forecasted.4. Look for ways to compare output from MGM2 or similar models to other localeconomic data. This will be helpful both for validating the estimates and for puttingthem in context. Consider showing the portion of system-wide impact that GGNRA hasto demonstrate its importance to a larger region.Outcomes Total spending, direct personal income (wages and salaries) for local residents, and jobssupported in the area taking into account indirect and induced effects as well as directones. Output will take into consideration that only the retail and wholesale margins onvisitor purchases of goods accrue to the local economy. Such estimates of the economicimpacts of park visitors demonstrate the role and importance of the park in the regionaleconomy but do not cover the impacts of park employees, park operations andconstruction expenditures on the local economy.3.8.15 Benefit EstimationGGNRA has recreational benefits that do not have established market values. However,there are ways that attempt to quantify such values in an effort to capture a comprehensiveview of park benefits. One method to estimate such benefits is willingness-to-pay forvarious activities or benefits such as picnicking, hiking, or fishing. This can be estimatedthrough the travel cost method, in which the costs of travel to a site are used as a proxy forthe value of that experience. Alternately, the contingent valuation method asks forwillingness-to-pay from individuals through the use of carefully designed and administeredsurveys that create a hypothetical market.Summary of Actions1. Determine whether additional benefits that cannot be determined by the market areappropriate for inclusion in the analysis. Results valuing natural resource services tousers will be inferred from indirect economic measures.2. List all services and benefits, tangible and otherwise, which GGNRA provides andwhich will be estimated (hiking, fishing, sightseeing, education, etc.).3. Conduct a WTP survey or use benefit transfer to apply data from a similar area toGGNRA to determine the value of each benefit.4. Summarize the combined total of the value of the variety of benefits.OutcomesA summary in dollars of the array of services GGNRA provides.144
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PARKS, RIVERS,
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AcknowledgementsI am grateful to ma
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3.5.5 Sources of Information.......
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Table 28. Hiking/Walking Organizati
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1 IntroductionParks, rivers, trails
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Table 1.SectionAgency ExpendituresC
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provide communities with economic,
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the most current information on the
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3.1 Agency ExpendituresThis section
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grants. About 25% of capital expend
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The Marin Conservation Corps (MCC)
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already been implemented and is ope
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Table 5.Net Benefit Per Participant
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WEST VIRGINIAWISCONSINEarthCorpsFed
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contracts that gross over $800 mill
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3.2.2 Special EventsRevenue enhanci
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park experience to an audience who
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you have the opportunity to determi
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Use good survey methods. The better
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California. A Report to The Sierra
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powered activities 3 , a participan
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Table 11. 2003 Sport Footwear Purch
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3.3.4 Fish and Wildlife-Related Rec
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EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENSESTotal $
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Table 17. Estimates of Retail Expen
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Table 19. U.S. Ski & Snowboard Indu
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and from services related to the Pa
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o $60 million in Harris County, TX,
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League ofAmericanBicyclistsNational
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SportingGoodsManufacturersAssociati
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necessarily better, especially in s
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Perspective. Available at http://ww
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o Washington: $209 milliono West Vi
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Economic Output Retail Sales Salari
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Economic Output Retail Sales Salari
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Table 35. Economic Impact of Sportf
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All Anglers Non-Resident/Tourist An
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Table 37. Per Capita Travel Receipt
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their decision to return in the fut
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Table 39. Visitors and Spending in
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2003). Data from California Departm
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over 2003, despite high gas prices,
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management changes or actions are e
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accommodations used, and other trip
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http://www.ncdot.org/transit/bicycl
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3.5 Estimating the Effects of Spend
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“leakage” of money from the reg
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Keep in mind that multipliers are s
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3.5.4 How to Use These Rationales i
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economy, only those expenditures th
Page 102 and 103: For example, be aware of the differ
Page 104 and 105: 3.6 Health Care and FitnessThis sec
Page 106 and 107: active, approximately $575 million
Page 108 and 109: already had one heart attacko Impro
Page 110 and 111: uilt as part of sound policy to pro
Page 112 and 113: accounting for 14 million disabilit
Page 114 and 115: park amenities available or do not
Page 116 and 117: National Coalitionfor PromotingPhys
Page 118 and 119: 100% of all health benefits to a si
Page 120 and 121: Pratt M, Macera CA, Wang G. 2000. H
Page 122 and 123: costs than normal weight; moderate
Page 124 and 125: References for Additional Informati
Page 126 and 127: 3.7 Benefit EstimationParks, rivers
Page 128 and 129: Table 47.Forecasted Average Benefit
Page 130 and 131: Table 48.CriteriaRecreationExperien
Page 132 and 133: people using carefully designed and
Page 134 and 135: special government funds for causes
Page 136 and 137: Loomis, J. B., and White, D.S. 1996
Page 138 and 139: Economic Assessment for the Necedah
Page 140 and 141: Commercial UsesExpenditures byResid
Page 142 and 143: Outcomes Expenditures by GGNRA mana
Page 144 and 145: local transportation admissions and
Page 146 and 147: 3.8.8 Educational ValueWhile it may
Page 148 and 149: the same municipality that are furt
Page 150 and 151: that do require storm water managem
Page 154 and 155: 3.9 Resource Book AppendicesSeveral
Page 156 and 157: 6. Spending in the area. Please rep
Page 158 and 159: local economy aren’t bringing in
Page 160 and 161: 4 ConclusionIn 1995, the National P
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