Economic Impacts of Parks, Rivers, Trails and Greenways

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special government funds for causes they value. Many of these involve resourceconservation. The vehicles for these expenditures include donations, special licenses, fees,and tax rebate earmarked to support these causes.A price function was developed that illustrates how the price per acre of open spacepaid by public buyers, such as counties or land trusts, is influenced by local demand andsupply factors. The study was done on open space in the Front Range of Colorado. Theestimate yielded a mean price per acre of $13,635 for publicly approved sales forfunded open space purchases. If a property provides access to water bodies, this featureincreases the price per acre by $937, and if the parcel is adjacent to existing park oropen space the price increases $11,039 an acre. The prediction capability may be analternative to traditional real estate appraisal techniques and would be helpful whenagencies must determine fair market values of prospective open space parcels that don’thave the same attributes as existing areas (Loomis, 2004).3.7.6 How to Use These Rationales in Your CommunityExpress the value of the resource. Total the willingness-to-pay for your resource andexpress this total as benefits gained through establishment of the park or trail. You maywish to contact your local university to see if any students familiar with recreationeconomics can assist you in estimating willingness-to-pay. If assistance is unavailable, youmay wish to use estimates for other recreation resources which are similar to your project.If your program is threatened by cutbacks, express existing benefits as net losses to thecommunity.Document public support for conservation. Cite examples of bond issues and taxmeasures passed by voters, funds, and contributions raised by local conservation groups,etc.3.7.7 Sources of InformationEcosystem Valuation. This site, funded by the US Department of Agriculture’s NaturalResources Conservation Service and the National Oceanographic and AtmosphericAdministration, describes ecosystem valuation for non-economists. It is an easy-tounderstand,comprehensive resource for anyone wanting to learn more about the techniquesdescribed in this chapter. Other methods are also described, and each ones comes withexample applications and steps to apply it. Available at http://www.ecosystemvaluation.orgRecreation Economic Decisions: Comparing Benefits & Costs. This book by Dr. John B.Loomis and Dr. Richard G. Walsh is an excellent source text on recreation economics. It isavailable from Venture Publishing, State College, PA.Benefit transfer of outdoor recreation use values: A technical document supporting theForest Service Strategic Plan (2000 revision). This annotated bibliography providesinformation on and reference to the literature on outdoor recreation use valuation studies.125
This information is presented by study source, benefit measures, recreation activity,valuation methodology, and USDA Forest Service region. Tables are provided thatreference the bibliography for each activity, enabling easy location of studies. The literaturereview spans 1967 to 1998 and covers 21 recreation activities plus a category for wildernessrecreation. There are 163 individual studies referenced, providing 760 benefit measures.Guidelines are provided for applying the various benefit transfer methods. Severaltheoretical and empirical issues to applying benefit transfers are identified for use injudging the relevance and credibility of transferring specific measures. A simple exampleapplication is followed throughout the discussion of the various benefit transfer methods. Adecision tree is provided as a framework for determining how to obtain benefit measures forrecreation activities. Available at http://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs/rmrs_gtr72.html3.7.8 Considerations in Using These RationalesNumbers are not everything. Remember that estimates of economic impacts and benefitsare only one tool available to conservation advocates. As mentioned earlier, many of thebenefits of parks may still not be quantified and numbers would underestimate the totalvalue. Parks, rivers, trails, and greenways should be promoted using the tools which aremost effective. Focusing on the intrinsic values may be the most effective tool to beginbuilding your constituency.3.7.9 ReferencesECONorthwest. 1999. Salmon and the Economy: A Handbook for Understanding the Issuesin Washington and Oregon. Available athttp://cwch.uoregon.edu/ReportsFolder/EcoNWSalmon.pdfEkstrand, E., and J. Loomis. 1998. Incorporating respondent uncertainty when estimatingwillingness to pay for protecting critical habitat for threatened and endangered fish.Water Resources Journal 34 (11): 3149-3155.Loomis, J., P. Kent, L. Strange, K. Fausch, and A. Covich. 2000. Measuring the TotalEconomic Value of Restoring Ecosystem Services in an Impaired River Basin:Results from a Contingent Valuation Survey. Ecological Economics 33: 103-117.Loomis, John B, Rameker, Vicki, and Seidl, Andy. January 2004. A hedonic model ofpublic market transactions for open space protection. Journal of EnvironmentalPlanning and Management 47(1): 83 - 96.Loomis, John B., Trayner, K., and Brown, T. 1999. Trichotomous Choice: A PossibleSolution to Dual Response Objectives in Dichotomous Choice Contingent ValuationQuestions. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 24(2): 572-583.Loomis, John B., and Walsh, Richard G. 1997. Recreation Economic Decisions: ComparingBenefits & Costs. State College, PA: Venture Publishing.126
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PARKS, RIVERS,
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AcknowledgementsI am grateful to ma
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3.5.5 Sources of Information.......
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Table 28. Hiking/Walking Organizati
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1 IntroductionParks, rivers, trails
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Table 1.SectionAgency ExpendituresC
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provide communities with economic,
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the most current information on the
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3.1 Agency ExpendituresThis section
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grants. About 25% of capital expend
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The Marin Conservation Corps (MCC)
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already been implemented and is ope
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Table 5.Net Benefit Per Participant
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WEST VIRGINIAWISCONSINEarthCorpsFed
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contracts that gross over $800 mill
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3.2.2 Special EventsRevenue enhanci
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park experience to an audience who
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you have the opportunity to determi
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Use good survey methods. The better
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California. A Report to The Sierra
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powered activities 3 , a participan
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Table 11. 2003 Sport Footwear Purch
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3.3.4 Fish and Wildlife-Related Rec
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EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENSESTotal $
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Table 17. Estimates of Retail Expen
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Table 19. U.S. Ski & Snowboard Indu
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and from services related to the Pa
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o $60 million in Harris County, TX,
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League ofAmericanBicyclistsNational
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SportingGoodsManufacturersAssociati
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necessarily better, especially in s
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Perspective. Available at http://ww
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o Washington: $209 milliono West Vi
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Economic Output Retail Sales Salari
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Economic Output Retail Sales Salari
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Table 35. Economic Impact of Sportf
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All Anglers Non-Resident/Tourist An
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Table 37. Per Capita Travel Receipt
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their decision to return in the fut
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Table 39. Visitors and Spending in
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2003). Data from California Departm
Page 84 and 85: over 2003, despite high gas prices,
Page 86 and 87: management changes or actions are e
Page 88 and 89: accommodations used, and other trip
Page 90 and 91: http://www.ncdot.org/transit/bicycl
Page 92 and 93: 3.5 Estimating the Effects of Spend
Page 94 and 95: “leakage” of money from the reg
Page 96 and 97: Keep in mind that multipliers are s
Page 98 and 99: 3.5.4 How to Use These Rationales i
Page 100 and 101: economy, only those expenditures th
Page 102 and 103: For example, be aware of the differ
Page 104 and 105: 3.6 Health Care and FitnessThis sec
Page 106 and 107: active, approximately $575 million
Page 108 and 109: already had one heart attacko Impro
Page 110 and 111: uilt as part of sound policy to pro
Page 112 and 113: accounting for 14 million disabilit
Page 114 and 115: park amenities available or do not
Page 116 and 117: National Coalitionfor PromotingPhys
Page 118 and 119: 100% of all health benefits to a si
Page 120 and 121: Pratt M, Macera CA, Wang G. 2000. H
Page 122 and 123: costs than normal weight; moderate
Page 124 and 125: References for Additional Informati
Page 126 and 127: 3.7 Benefit EstimationParks, rivers
Page 128 and 129: Table 47.Forecasted Average Benefit
Page 130 and 131: Table 48.CriteriaRecreationExperien
Page 132 and 133: people using carefully designed and
Page 136 and 137: Loomis, J. B., and White, D.S. 1996
Page 138 and 139: Economic Assessment for the Necedah
Page 140 and 141: Commercial UsesExpenditures byResid
Page 142 and 143: Outcomes Expenditures by GGNRA mana
Page 144 and 145: local transportation admissions and
Page 146 and 147: 3.8.8 Educational ValueWhile it may
Page 148 and 149: the same municipality that are furt
Page 150 and 151: that do require storm water managem
Page 152 and 153: Summary of ActionsSimilar to corpor
Page 154 and 155: 3.9 Resource Book AppendicesSeveral
Page 156 and 157: 6. Spending in the area. Please rep
Page 158 and 159: local economy aren’t bringing in
Page 160 and 161: 4 ConclusionIn 1995, the National P
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