Economic Impacts of Parks, Rivers, Trails and Greenways

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100% of all health benefits to a single park or trail if there are alternative placespeople are being physically active.3.6.9 ReferencesAmerican Heart Association (AHA). a: 2004. Physical Activity and Cardiovascular Health Fact Sheet. Available athttp://americanheart.org/presenter.jhtml?identifier=820 b: 2003. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics — 2004 Update. Available athttp://americanheart.org/downloadable/heart/1079736729696HDSStats2004UpdateREV3-19-04.pdfAmerican River Parkway Financial Needs Study. August 10, 2000. Prepared for theAmerican River Parkway Funding Group and Sacramento County Regional ParksRecreation and Open Space Department by the Dangermond Group. Available athttp://www.sacparks.net/index.htmlAtkinson, Tina. July 29, 2004. Recreation Specialist/Heart N' Parks, Montgomery CountyRecreation Department. Email communication.Bricklin, M., and Spilner, M. 1992. Prevention's Practical Encyclopedia of Walking forHealth: From Age-Reversal to Weight Loss, the Most Complete Guide Ever Written.St Martins Press.Broadwater, Lisa. Spring 2004. The Medical Mile: A Heart-healthy Addition to theArkansas River Trail. UALR (University of Arkansas at Little Rock) Magazine.Available at http://www.arkansasbusiness.com/ualr/article.asp?id=234Brownson, Ross. 2000. Promoting Physical Activity in Rural Communities Walking Trail Access,Use, & Effects. American Journal of Prev. Med:18, 235-241. July 2004.A Community-Based Approach to Promoting Walking in Rural Areas.American Journal of Prev. Med.Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) a: The Importance of Physical Activity. National Center for Chronic DiseasePrevention and Health Promotion, Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity.Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpa/physical/importance/index.htm b: National Center for Health Statistics.o Prevalence of Overweight Among Children and Adolescents: United States,1999-2000. Available athttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overwght99.htmo Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity Among Adults: United States, 1999-2000. Available athttp://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/pubs/pubd/hestats/obese/obse99.htm109
Chenoweth, David ; DeJong, Glenna; Sheppard, Lorinda; Lieber; Marilyn. 2003. ExecutiveSummary: The Economic Cost of Physical Inactivity in Michigan. Michigan FitnessFoundation. Available athttp://www.michiganfitness.org/indexpagedownloads/CostofInactivity.pdfEnvironmental Protection Agency. October 8, 2003. Travel and Environmental Implicationsof School Siting. Available at http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/school_travel.htmExploring The Active Lifestyle Executive Summary. January 2004. An Outdoor IndustryFoundation Consumer Outreach Report. Available at http://www.outdoorindustry.orgFinkelstein, EA, Fiebelkorn, IC, and Wang, G. May 2003. National medical spendingattributable to overweight and obesity: How much, and who’s paying? [webexclusive] Health Affairs; W3; 219–226. Available athttp://www.asu.edu/educ/epsl/CERU/Articles/CERU-0305-71-OWI.pdfGuide to Community Preventive Services. December 26, 2002. Creating or ImprovingAccess to Places for Physical Activity is Strongly Recommended to Increase PhysicalActivity. Available at http://www.thecommunityguide.org/pa/pa-int-create-access.pdfHuston, S., Evenson, K., Bors, P., et al. 2003. Neighborhood environment, access to placesfor activity, and leisure-time physical activity in a diverse North Carolina population.American Journal of Health Promotion, 18, 58-69.International City/County Management Association (ICMA). 2004. Active LivingApproaches by Local Government, 2004. Available at http://icma.org/activelivingLee, B.K., 1999. The dynamic nature of emotions during a trail based leisure experience: anapplication of affect control theory (ACT). Unpublished Doctoral Dissertation,Department of Recreation, Park and Tourism Sciences, Texas A&M University,College Station, TX.Massachusetts Division of Health Care Finance and Policy. 2000. Hospital Discharge Data.See http://www.mass.gov/dhcfp/National Recreation and Park Association. April 1, 2004. Press Release: Major InitiativeAttacks Obesity through Recreation. Available at http://www.nrpa.orgOutdoor Recreation in America 2000: Addressing Key Societal Concerns. Prepared for theRecreation Roundtable by Roper Starch. September 2000. Available athttp://www.funoutdoors.com/Rec00/index.htmlPatton, Carol. May 2, 2004.Curing Wellness. Human Resource Executive.Powell, K.E., Martin, L., Chowdhury, P.P. 2003. Places to walk: convenience and regularphysical activity. American Journal of Public Health, 93, 1519-1521.110
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PARKS, RIVERS,
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AcknowledgementsI am grateful to ma
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3.5.5 Sources of Information.......
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Table 28. Hiking/Walking Organizati
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1 IntroductionParks, rivers, trails
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Table 1.SectionAgency ExpendituresC
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provide communities with economic,
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the most current information on the
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3.1 Agency ExpendituresThis section
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grants. About 25% of capital expend
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The Marin Conservation Corps (MCC)
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already been implemented and is ope
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Table 5.Net Benefit Per Participant
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WEST VIRGINIAWISCONSINEarthCorpsFed
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contracts that gross over $800 mill
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3.2.2 Special EventsRevenue enhanci
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park experience to an audience who
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you have the opportunity to determi
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Use good survey methods. The better
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California. A Report to The Sierra
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powered activities 3 , a participan
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Table 11. 2003 Sport Footwear Purch
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3.3.4 Fish and Wildlife-Related Rec
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EQUIPMENT AND OTHER EXPENSESTotal $
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Table 17. Estimates of Retail Expen
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Table 19. U.S. Ski & Snowboard Indu
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and from services related to the Pa
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o $60 million in Harris County, TX,
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League ofAmericanBicyclistsNational
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SportingGoodsManufacturersAssociati
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necessarily better, especially in s
Page 64 and 65:
Perspective. Available at http://ww
Page 66 and 67:
o Washington: $209 milliono West Vi
Page 68 and 69: Economic Output Retail Sales Salari
Page 70 and 71: Economic Output Retail Sales Salari
Page 72 and 73: Table 35. Economic Impact of Sportf
Page 74 and 75: All Anglers Non-Resident/Tourist An
Page 76 and 77: Table 37. Per Capita Travel Receipt
Page 78 and 79: their decision to return in the fut
Page 80 and 81: Table 39. Visitors and Spending in
Page 82 and 83: 2003). Data from California Departm
Page 84 and 85: over 2003, despite high gas prices,
Page 86 and 87: management changes or actions are e
Page 88 and 89: accommodations used, and other trip
Page 90 and 91: http://www.ncdot.org/transit/bicycl
Page 92 and 93: 3.5 Estimating the Effects of Spend
Page 94 and 95: “leakage” of money from the reg
Page 96 and 97: Keep in mind that multipliers are s
Page 98 and 99: 3.5.4 How to Use These Rationales i
Page 100 and 101: economy, only those expenditures th
Page 102 and 103: For example, be aware of the differ
Page 104 and 105: 3.6 Health Care and FitnessThis sec
Page 106 and 107: active, approximately $575 million
Page 108 and 109: already had one heart attacko Impro
Page 110 and 111: uilt as part of sound policy to pro
Page 112 and 113: accounting for 14 million disabilit
Page 114 and 115: park amenities available or do not
Page 116 and 117: National Coalitionfor PromotingPhys
Page 120 and 121: Pratt M, Macera CA, Wang G. 2000. H
Page 122 and 123: costs than normal weight; moderate
Page 124 and 125: References for Additional Informati
Page 126 and 127: 3.7 Benefit EstimationParks, rivers
Page 128 and 129: Table 47.Forecasted Average Benefit
Page 130 and 131: Table 48.CriteriaRecreationExperien
Page 132 and 133: people using carefully designed and
Page 134 and 135: special government funds for causes
Page 136 and 137: Loomis, J. B., and White, D.S. 1996
Page 138 and 139: Economic Assessment for the Necedah
Page 140 and 141: Commercial UsesExpenditures byResid
Page 142 and 143: Outcomes Expenditures by GGNRA mana
Page 144 and 145: local transportation admissions and
Page 146 and 147: 3.8.8 Educational ValueWhile it may
Page 148 and 149: the same municipality that are furt
Page 150 and 151: that do require storm water managem
Page 152 and 153: Summary of ActionsSimilar to corpor
Page 154 and 155: 3.9 Resource Book AppendicesSeveral
Page 156 and 157: 6. Spending in the area. Please rep
Page 158 and 159: local economy aren’t bringing in
Page 160 and 161: 4 ConclusionIn 1995, the National P
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