management changes or actions are expected to alter visitation, you may be able to quantifythe economic impacts <strong>of</strong> this change. To do this, you need to estimate the increase inexpenditures <strong>and</strong> use relevant multipliers if available (see Section 3.5.2 for an explanation<strong>of</strong> multipliers).Estimate total impacts. If you have economic expertise on your staff or within your citizengroup, you may be able to estimate total impacts. Visitor expenditures for your project canbe estimated by conducting a survey. Once you have determined the expenditures, you canuse appropriate multipliers to determine the total impacts. Multipliers for your city, county,or state may already be available.Promote your resource to the tourism community. Develop a plan for marketing yourpark, river or trail. Be careful the designated name <strong>of</strong> the project <strong>and</strong> any related brochuresor information, accurately reflect the nature <strong>of</strong> the project <strong>and</strong> create the image you desire.Combine efforts with tourism promoters such as the local chamber <strong>of</strong> commerce, visitorsbureau, hotels, event planners, travel agents, convention <strong>and</strong> visitor bureaus, tour guides,<strong>and</strong> transportation operators to include promotion <strong>of</strong> the park, trail or open space in theirliterature/brochures. Assist in distributing this information to visitor centers, conferencecenters, <strong>and</strong> other traveler information locations.Consider that park, river <strong>and</strong> trail users can be divided into segments based on the benefitsthey seek. It may be possible to pr<strong>of</strong>ile several target segments such as Fitness Seekers,Typical Outdoorsmen, Group Naturalists, <strong>and</strong> Enthusiasts who each have different views <strong>of</strong>benefits like fitness <strong>and</strong> health, experiencing nature, spending time with others, exploringnew places, or seeking solitude. Some <strong>of</strong> these segments may be easier to reach than others<strong>and</strong> specialized marketing messages may better attract a particular segment than others.Such a benefit segmentation was performed for users <strong>of</strong> the Katy Trail in Missouri (Bichis-Lupas, 2001).3.4.7 Sources <strong>of</strong> InformationOffice <strong>of</strong> Travel <strong>and</strong> Tourism Industries http://www.tinet.ita.doc.gov/links/index.htmlTourism Industries functions as the U.S. federal tourism <strong>of</strong>fice. It maintains statistics <strong>and</strong>links to information on the travel <strong>and</strong> tourism industry.Online Travel/Tourism InformationMany sites maintain links to information sources on the travel <strong>and</strong> tourism industry,including: Travel Industry Indicators http://www.travelindicators.com/Publishes a monthly executive newsletter that monitors the travel marketplace, <strong>and</strong>maintains links to recommended statistical data <strong>and</strong> information sources. Tourism Research Links http://www.waksberg.com/research.htmThis site lists numerous sources <strong>and</strong> organizations focused on recreation <strong>and</strong> tourismaround the world, including many state associations.77
Dean Runyan Associates http://www.deanrunyan.com/resources.htmlOffers links to state tourism research for every state in the U.S., <strong>and</strong> well as key tourismrelated organizations <strong>and</strong> associations, <strong>and</strong> other useful sites. This firm specializes ineconomic <strong>and</strong> market research for travel, tourism <strong>and</strong> recreation, with public <strong>and</strong> privatesector projects throughout the U.S. The website posts economic impact studies that havebeen performed by several states including California, Colorado, Idaho, North Dakota,Oregon, Texas, Washington, <strong>and</strong> Wyoming: http://www.deanrunyan.com/traveldata.htmlTravel <strong>and</strong> Tourism Research Association http://www.ttra.com/This is an international association <strong>of</strong> travel research <strong>and</strong> marketing pr<strong>of</strong>essionals, whichfacilitates access to numerous sources <strong>of</strong> information in support <strong>of</strong> research efforts by itsmembers.Travel Industry Association <strong>of</strong> America. www.tia.orgThe Travel Industry Association <strong>of</strong> America (TIA) represents the U.S. travel industry <strong>and</strong>facilitates increased travel to <strong>and</strong> within the country. TIA’s Research Department gathers,conducts, analyzes <strong>and</strong> publishes economic, marketing <strong>and</strong> international research thatdemonstrates the significance <strong>of</strong> the travel <strong>and</strong> tourism industry at national, state <strong>and</strong> locallevels. It defines the size, characteristics <strong>and</strong> growth <strong>of</strong> existing <strong>and</strong> emerging travelmarkets, <strong>and</strong> provides qualitative trend analysis <strong>and</strong> quantitative forecasts <strong>of</strong> future travelactivity <strong>and</strong> impact.TIA <strong>of</strong>fers special segment studies that address such topics as historical/cultural travelers<strong>and</strong> leisure trips to national or state parks. It publishes The National <strong>Parks</strong> Traveler, whichpresents the results from national surveys about trips that include a visit to national/stateparks. It highlights details <strong>of</strong> the most recent trip taken by national park travelers <strong>and</strong>examines travelers’ awareness <strong>of</strong> U.S. National Park areas <strong>and</strong> their attitudes about nationalpark travel. Other TIA publications include:Impact <strong>of</strong> Travel on State Economies- presents estimates <strong>of</strong> both domestic <strong>and</strong>international traveler expenditures in the U.S., travel employment <strong>and</strong> income in thenation <strong>and</strong> each state, <strong>and</strong> travel-generated tax receipts for federal, state, <strong>and</strong> localgovernments. The report covers detailed estimates for travel-related categories, such aspublic transportation, auto transportation, lodging, food service, entertainment <strong>and</strong>recreation, <strong>and</strong> incidentals.Auto Travel in the U.S.- provides a detailed pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> U.S. trips that are taken by ownedcars <strong>and</strong> trucks, camper/recreation vehicles, <strong>and</strong> rental cars as primary modes <strong>of</strong>transportation. The report includes a pr<strong>of</strong>ile <strong>of</strong> trips that include a rental car as asecondary mode <strong>of</strong> transportation <strong>and</strong> auto travel is further segmented by primarypurpose <strong>of</strong> trip, relativity <strong>of</strong> origin <strong>and</strong> destination, hotel stay, <strong>and</strong> trip duration.Finally, TIA <strong>of</strong>fers the Travel <strong>Economic</strong> Impact Model (TEIM) for estimating travelerexpenditures <strong>and</strong> related economic impact in the U.S. The TEIM estimates travelexpenditures <strong>and</strong> the resulting employment, personal income, <strong>and</strong> tax revenue generated bythese expenditures. The TEIM also has the capability <strong>of</strong> estimating the economic impact <strong>of</strong>various types <strong>of</strong> travel as well, such as business <strong>and</strong> leisure, by transport mode <strong>and</strong> type <strong>of</strong>78
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ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF PARKS, RIVERS,
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AcknowledgementsI am grateful to ma
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3.5.5 Sources of Information.......
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Table 28. Hiking/Walking Organizati
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1 IntroductionParks, rivers, trails
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Table 1.SectionAgency ExpendituresC
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provide communities with economic,
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the most current information on the
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3.1 Agency ExpendituresThis section
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grants. About 25% of capital expend
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The Marin Conservation Corps (MCC)
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already been implemented and is ope
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Table 5.Net Benefit Per Participant
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WEST VIRGINIAWISCONSINEarthCorpsFed
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contracts that gross over $800 mill
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3.2.2 Special EventsRevenue enhanci
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park experience to an audience who
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Loomis, J. B., and White, D.S. 1996
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Economic Assessment for the Necedah
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Commercial UsesExpenditures byResid
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Outcomes Expenditures by GGNRA mana
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local transportation admissions and
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3.8.8 Educational ValueWhile it may
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the same municipality that are furt
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that do require storm water managem
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Summary of ActionsSimilar to corpor
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3.9 Resource Book AppendicesSeveral
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6. Spending in the area. Please rep
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local economy aren’t bringing in
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4 ConclusionIn 1995, the National P