Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - Department of Psychological ...

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Prof. Greg Francis 8/16/11Phonological similarity!! Memory of a list of items is worsewhen the items sound the samePhonological similarity!! All items are stored in phonological loop!! similar sounding items interfere with each other in thephonological loop!! two possibilities:»! 1) harder to rehearse (effect in the ACP)»! 2) fade more quickly (effect in the PS)B F H NBG P TBetterrecallWorserecallPhonological loopACPNFPSH BPhonological loopACPG PBPSTPurdue UniversityPurdue UniversityPhonological similarity!! All items are stored in phonological loop!! similar sounding items interfere with each other in thephonological loop!! two possibilities:»! 1) harder to rehearse (effect in the ACP)»! 2) fade more quickly (effect in the PS)Phonological loopPhonological loopLocus of similarity effect!! Studies find a phonological similarity effect for auditory stimuliunder articulatory suppression!! We suggested two possibilities:»! 1) harder to rehearse (effect in the ACP)»! 2) fade more quickly (effect in the PS)!! Since the phonological similarity effect is there even when theACP is not involved, it must be possibility 2 (in the PS)ACPFPSH B NACPPS B GP TProportion recalledPurdue UniversityPurdue UniversityCogLab data!! The CogLab experiment on memory span shows datain agreement with our expectations (189 subjects)!! Item type Final list length!! Numbers ! ! !6.47!!! Letters that sound different !5.66!!! Letters that sound similar !5.01!!! Short words ! ! !5.20!!! Long words ! ! !4.17About 7Phonologicalsimilarity effectWord lengtheffectIrrelevant speech effect!! Does irrelevant “background” sound affectmemory?!!E.g., studying with the TV on!! Three groups of subjects recall consonants!!1) no backgroundbest!!2) background = nonsense words!!3) background = noise burstsworstPurdue UniversityPurdue UniversityPSY 200: Intro. to Cognitive Psychology 3
Prof. Greg Francis 8/16/11Irrelevant speech effect!! The presence of phonemes in thebackground is critical to the effect!!strong effect when background is spoken inGerman, even for English speakers!! Suggests that background phonemesinterfere in the PS!! Study with classical music if you needsomething!Visuospatial sketchpad!! Briefly holds visual and spatialinformation!! Important for tasks that requireinteraction with theenvironment or searching!! Properties seem to vary acrossindividuals!! VSS of video gamers differs fromnon-video gamersVisuospatialsketchpadCentralexecutivePhonologicalloopPurdue UniversityPurdue UniversityVisuospatial sketchpad!! West et al. (2009)!! Participants identify whether or notthe 2 second display contains a nonmoving“swimmer”!! Video Game Players!! Minimum 3-4 days a week!! Action video game!! Minimum 2 hours each day!! Non video game players!! Little to no video game usage in thepast 6 monthsPurdue UniversityVisuospatial sketchpad!! Video game players do better on the detection task!! Both do similar on noting the absence of the targetPercent1009080706050403020100HitsCorrectrejectionsPurdue UniversityVGPsNVGPsConclusions!! Data accounted for by phonological loop!! word length effect!! phonological similarity!! articulatory suppression!! irrelevant speech effect!! Don’t listen to lyrical music while studying!! Classical music is fine!! Go ahead and play videogames!! There are limits, of courseNext time!! Review for Exam 2!! After exam 2!! Encoding specificity!! What to do if you are drunk while studying for anexam.Purdue UniversityPurdue UniversityPSY 200: Intro. to Cognitive Psychology 4
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