Introduction to Cognitive Psychology - Department of Psychological ...

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Prof. Greg Francis 8/17/11Encoding specificityPSY 200Greg FrancisLecture 18What to do if you are drunk whilestudying for an exam.Purdue UniversityContext!! The context within which you learn and recallcan have a profound impact on your memory!! e.g., part-set cueing!! given part of a set that has been learned, subjects recallfewer of the remaining items than with normal free recall!! Interference of recall»! Have to keep checking if an item you recall isalready on the list!! DemonstrationPurdue UniversityContext!! The effect of part-set cueing suggests that to measure memoryyou must consider the conditions at test!! Memory is more often about discrimination of memory traces andnot about the strength of memory traces!! Similar to visual search experimentsPurdue UniversityFeaturesearchConjunctivesearchContext!! But memory is not exactly the same as visual search!! Information must be encoded in memory as well asrecalled!! Such encoding can alter what features are stored as part of the memory!! Which changes the discrimination of subsequent recall!! It turns out, that to maximize recallability!! the effort and conditions at the time of learning must beconsistent with the properties and conditions of the test!! Encoding specificity principlePurdue UniversityRepresentative study!! Subjects in two groups!! see the same words, but have different tasks!! This changes the encoding of information in memorySemantic judgementCHEESEThe manthrew the ballto the______.Rhyme judgementPurdue UniversityCHEESESNEEZETest!! Each group is then split into two subgroups that vary in the recall ofinformation!! 1) Normal recognition task!! 2) Shown a word and asked if any of the target words rhymed with thisword987Study65Semantic4Rhyme3210Number of wordsrecognizedStandardRhymeRecognition testPurdue UniversityPSY 200: Intro. to Cognitive Psychology 1
Prof. Greg Francis 8/17/11Significance!! It is not that one learning strategy is better thanthe other!! or that one testing strategy is better than the otherEncoding specificity!! Memory is better when the cues available duringrecall match the cues available during encoding!! Tulving & Osler (1968)!! Encoding (learning) of information and recall ofinformation need to matchCueNo cue!! This means it is very difficult to test forabsolute memory!! subject’s performance depends on many factorssoar-EAGLEHEALTH-nurseWHEEL-autopaper-BOOK...EAGLEHEALTHWHEELBOOK...Purdue UniversityPurdue UniversityEncoding specificity!! Each group split into two groups for testingCuerecall!! cue is always related to target wordsoarnurseautopaper...No cuePurdue University!! ResultsWords recalledEncoding specificity!!cue does not always help1614121086420No cueCueTest displayPurdue UniversityStudy no cueStudy cueSurrounding context!! Deep-sea divers learn words (Godden& Baddeley, 1975), either!!on land (dry)!!under water (wet)Surrounding context!! Test for recall on land (dry) or under water (wet)StudyEAGLEHEALTHWHEELBOOK...Purdue UniversityEAGLEHEALTHWHEELBOOK...Purdue UniversityPSY 200: Intro. to Cognitive Psychology 2
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