ICAR Technical Series no. 7 - Nitra Proc.

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Gálik et al.Alike by the sample number 2 we registered the statistically significant bydifferences in hardness, where the highest hardness was found out after300 hours and the differences were significant opposite, the other variantsof sample number 2 (a new rubber, after 600 hours, after 900 hours and arubber after 1 200 hours of function).Our results show, that the hardness of researched samples the linersincreased during the operating time untill 300 - 600 hours, then decreases,what is in certain contradiction with cited author (Prikryl, 1988). Accordingto samples of liners and their operating time the average value of hardnesswas in the scale 43.1 - 54.9 Sh A.By the calculation of correlative relationships between operating time andhardness we found out the significant and statistically certified correlativecoeficient. Because of the high correlative coefficient by samples number1 and 2 (r = -0.751; r = -0.5643) we realized the calculation of regressiveanalysis by the multi-nominal function of third class.Following the regressive analysis the indipendent variable (operating time)influaces the dependent variable (hardness) by the expression of usedregressive function on 83.55 % resp. 85.38 %.Evaluation of microphotographs by method of sqare grid we discovered,that the cracks ratio by liners after 600 hours usage is 9.4 %, by liners after900 hours usage is 13.4 % (accumulation 42.6 %). The results is that thecracks are growing on all directions with operational time.Karas, I. 1996. Evaluation of technical and exploatational parametersthe milking machines imported to the Slovakia: Habilitation work. Nitra:VŠP, 1996, pp. 175 .ReferencesMalík, K., Mašková, A., Vévoda, J. 1989. A thermovision study ofthe rubber teat cup function. In: Plastics and Rubber, 1989 - Special Issue,49-51.Prikryl, M. 1988. Influence of the mechanical strain, and ageing theliners on the change their properties: Doctorand dissertation work. Praha:VŠZ, 1988.Slovenská technická norma 62 1431: 1980: Stanovenie tvrdostiShore A.Slovenská technická norma 62 1436: 1983: Stanovenie ahovýchvlastností.ICAR Technical Series - No 7209
Neijenhuis & HogeveenMilking intervals and teat recoveryF. Neijenhuis & H. HogeveenResearch Institute for Animal Husbandry (PV-Lelystad),P.O. Box 2176, 8203 AD Lelystad, The NetherlandsE-mail: f.neijenhuis@pv.agro.nl.The teat is an important part of the cow’s defence mechanisms againstintra-mammary infection (IMI) (O’Shea, 1987). Therefore the teat is alsoreferred to as first line defence against IMI. Functioning of the teats asbarrier against IMI can be negatively influenced through husbandrycircumstances.IntroductionDuring automatic milking, because of voluntarily attendance, cows maybe milked with rather short intervals. Machine milking generates a strainon the teat wall. This strain induces swelling of the teat that may influencethe resistance of the teat canal to bacterial invasion during the recoveryperiod after milking. Penetrability of teats and the teat canal diameter arerecovered within 2 hrs after milking (McDonald, 1975; Schultze and Bright,1983). Also the teat end thickness, as measured by the cutimeter, was thelowest at 2 hrs after milking (Hamann, 1987). The recovery time of the teatis important to determine a minimum milking interval. When a cow ismilked when the teat tissue is not yet recovered, irreversible chronicchanges of the teat tissue may occur (Hamann and Østerås, 1994).The aim of this study was to determine if ultrasonic measurements of teatsize and shapes after milking could reveal the recovery time of teats.The ultrasonic measurements (scans) were carried out with a 200 VETscanner with a linear-array 7.5 MHz probe (Pie Medical, Maastricht, theNetherlands). The teats were immersed in water in a latex bag. Two teatsof 18 Holstein-Friesian cows were scanned before milking, immediatelyafter milking and 1 to 9 hours after milking. Teat characteristics weremeasured in duplicate: teat canal length, teat wall thickness, teat cisternwidth and teat end width. Milking interval before the measurements weremade was 14 hours, machine-on time was on average 6.8 min (rangingfrom 4.2 to 12 min). Average milk flow rate during the morning milkingwas 1.9 kg/min (ranging from 0.9 to 3.1 kg/min).Material andmethodICAR Technical Series - No 7211
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The designationsemployed and thepre
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The organisers of the meeting want
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Milking variables in relation to te
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Modelling of liner behaviour using
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ForewordThe second half of the part
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Rosatiorganizations. The “Lactati
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Rosatito guarantee correctness of s
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RosatiICAR also sponsors books belo
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Technical developments in Slovak co
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de Koning & HuijsmanThe Dutch Quali
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de Koning & Huijsmanare Medicines,
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de Koning & HuijsmanThe pulsation c
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de Koning & HuijsmanBalances which
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Tancin et al.Physiology of milk let
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Tancin et al.In the dairy practice
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Tancin et al.Mayer, H., D. Schams,
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Effect of machine milking on teatIn
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Effect of machine milking on teatBe
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Effect of machine milking on teatTa
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Effect of machine milking on teatNe
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Measurements of vacuum stabilityInt
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Measurements of vacuum stabilityTab
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Measurements of vacuum stabilityFor
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Marnet et al.Comparative study of p
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Marnet et al.production during the
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Marnet et al.prestimulation by the
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Worstorff & BilgeryEffects of liner
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Worstorff & BilgeryTable 1 summaris
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Worstorff & Bilgeryseries 40/32 kPa
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Differential staining of somatic ce
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Different diagnostic measures for m
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Evaluation of milking routine by La
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Evaluation of milking routine by La
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Fryc et al.The assessment parameter
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Fryc et al.p n[kPa]p n1p n2p npt st
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Fryc et al.rate. There were three s
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Milking devices disturbance on SCCm
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Milking devices disturbance on SCCL
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Milking devices disturbance on SCCT
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Turki & WinnickiMilking variables i
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Table1. Milk flow time from in indi
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Table 2. First minute milk flow, av
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Turki & WinnickiMayer H., Schams D.
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Milk recording in GermanyTable 1. E
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Milk recording in GermanyTable 3. A
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Milk recording in GermanyTable 5. M
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Main fields ofactivities of theGerm
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Influence of duration of a and c ph
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Nosal & BilgeryVibrations and vacuu
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Nosal & BilgerykPa45.645.445.245.04
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Nosal & BilgeryIn case of problems
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Testing of vacuum during milkingEva
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Testing of vacuum during milkingthe
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Ryšánek et al.Vacuum fluctuation
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Ryšánek et al.Teat injuries were
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Ryšánek et al.Particular attentio
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de KoningAutomatic milking:Chances
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de Koningfor some time after the mi
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de KoningMilk quality is without do
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de Koningwhen the bulk tank is empt
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de KoningLand, A. van ‘t et al, 2
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Characterising the farms equipped w
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Page 153 and 154: ArtmannThe effects of automatic mil
Page 155 and 156: ArtmannData was collected on the ma
Page 157 and 158: ArtmannThe differences of the co-ef
Page 159 and 160: BarthEvaluation of somatic cell cou
Page 161 and 162: BarthTable 1. Determined and real m
Page 163 and 164: Barthyield is often a side effect o
Page 165 and 166: Milking parameters in modified milk
Page 167 and 168: Pallas & WendtThe development of ud
Page 169 and 170: Pallas & WendtSCC (x 1,000) / ml250
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Page 173 and 174: Udder health and milk low profilesA
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Page 177 and 178: AMS in Czech RepublicThis farm size
Page 179 and 180: AMS in Czech RepublicTable 1. Effec
Page 181 and 182: AMS in Czech RepublicFigure 1. Stab
Page 183 and 184: BruckmaierSpecific aspects of milk
Page 185 and 186: Bruckmaiertowards the end of lactat
Page 187 and 188: BruckmaierBruckmaier, R.M., D. Scha
Page 189 and 190: Teat callosity and mastitisResultsT
Page 191 and 192: de Koning et al.Milking characteris
Page 193 and 194: de Koning et al.Table 1. Statistica
Page 195: Influence of ageing on linersThe re
Page 199 and 200: Knízková et al.Effect of old and
Page 201 and 202: Knízková et al.Thermograms of the
Page 203 and 204: Knízková et al.Kunc, P., Knízkov
Page 205 and 206: Postmilking teat disinfectingIntrod
Page 207 and 208: Postmilking teat disinfectingNDT an
Page 209 and 210: Los & MaškováTeatcup hardness aft
Page 211 and 212: Los & MaškováIt follows from the
Page 213 and 214: Trends in milking equipmentThe fina
Page 215 and 216: Olechnowicz & TurkiMilking and milk
Page 217 and 218: Table 2. Milk components and somati
Page 219 and 220: Lipinski et al.Effect of some selec
Page 221 and 222: Lipinski et al.Milk hygiene quality
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Page 225 and 226: Effect of two milking systems on te
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Page 233 and 234: Botto et al.Effect of ultrasound in
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Page 239 and 240: Luger et al.Effect of inclination a
Page 241 and 242: Luger et al.There is no difference
Page 243 and 244: Harty et al.Modelling of liner beha
Page 245 and 246: Harty et al.A solid plane was const
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Provolo & SangiorgiUsing daily data
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Provolo & SangiorgiFigure 3. Averag
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Provolo & SangiorgiFigure 7. Cow no
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Provolo & Sangiorgistandardisation
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Cognome/iInhibition of oxytocin rel
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Tancin et al.Milk flow patterns: in
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Szlachta & AleksanderThe influence
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Szlachta & Aleksanderforces in the
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Szlachta & Aleksanderpressure diffe
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List of participantsŠtefan BodoSPU
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List of participantsMarian GregušI
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List of participantsMarija KlopcicD
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List of participantsŠtefan MihinaV
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List of participantsEduard Pravnans
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List of participantsJozef Tonhauser
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ICAR Technical Series no. 7 - Nitra Proc.

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