ICAR Technical Series no. 7 - Nitra Proc.

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Kovác et al.The latest knowledge and trends in thedevelopment of milking systemsŠ. Kovác, J. Lobotka, I. Karas & R. GálikKatedra Mechanizácie Zivocíšnej a potravinárskej výroby,Mechanizacná Fakulta, Slovenská Polnohospodárska Univerzita,Kalvária 3, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak RepublicE-mail: s.kovac@mech.uniag.skThe most represented trend is characterized by construction of milkingunit, quality of used materials increase of transport ways with an aim ofvacuum stability and with high volume exploitation of microelectronicand computers for management of milking and also automatic capture ofdata.SummaryThe most remarkable trend were achieved in the development of milkingrobots (AMS – Automatic Milking System).Key words: Milking units, stimulation, milking parameters, automatization,robotization.Milking is one of the most important and demanding working operationsin dairy cows breeding. It is a complex biological-technological process inwhich four factors are active: man - dairy cow – machine – environment(Kovác, Š., 1996).IntroductionIn recent years, the development of milking equipment has continuedintensively. Considerable attention has been paid to constructional andtechnological improvement, quality of materials being used, to design,functionality, technical parameters of milking process automatization(Dolezal, O. et al., 2000) and robotization (Kic, P. and Nehasilová, P., 1997;Vegricht, J., 1999).The aim of the latest knowledge and trends in the development of milkingequipment has been to reduce the needs of man power, to optimize milkingprocess and achieve data required for dairy cows breeding management.Materials andmethodsICAR Technical Series - No 7229
Trends in milking equipmentThe final objective of this development is to fully exclude a man frommilking process by exploiting AMS (Automatic Milking System).Among an important operating step belongs preparation of a diary cow(mammary gland) before the milking process itself. A fully valuestimulation of mammary gland is important for achieving the highestmilking intensity possible, reducing the total milking time and achievingfull stripping of a cow.The vibration stimulation is convenient for a quick starting of milk andsmooth milking.The principle of the matter is that at the beginning of milking processpulsation frequency is significantly increased (up to 200 pulses per minute),with actual change of pulsation ratio being 60 : 40 or 70 : 30.The automatic stimulation is recommended in cows which are milked hardand in those being at the end of lactation period.By changing dimensional and constructional parameters there is a tendencyto decrease nominal value of vacuum from 50 to 45 – 42 kPa (even companyAGMECO has been using vacuum 35 kPa).Simultaneously by decreasing nominal value of vacuum to improvevacuum stability and milk flow velocity results in increased socket andhose diameters (in a short rubber milk hose from 10 to 14 mm, in longrubber milk hose from 16 to 18 mm, the volume of milk claw from thevalue of 120 – 150 cm 3 to 300 to 500 cm 3 ).An important functional part of milking device is a rubber teat. Thestandard cylinder shape is replaced by the conical. It is extended an offerfor silicone teat rubbers which are distinguished by better surface qualityand a longer operating life.For good milking process it is important that mammary gland should beequally loaded by a milking set. Some manufactures apply an adjustingarm which prevents the milking unit from twisting.From the point of view of sparing milking extension of suction phase(maximum for 65 to 70 % pulse time) is not recommend. As very importantis considered to keep a sufficient time of pressing providing teat massage.High flows tend to prolong suction time by decreasing pulsation rate.World producers pay a great attention to automation of milking process,to automatic data collection which is based on a systematic monitoring ofdairy cows, by measuring physiological parameters chosen (bodytemperature, milking quantity, milk conductivity, milk colour, weight, pulsefrequency, feed conversion, motion activity, number of visits and the timeof their staying in a feeding box).230Conference on "Physiological and technicalaspects of machine milking"
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The designationsemployed and thepre
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The organisers of the meeting want
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Milking variables in relation to te
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Modelling of liner behaviour using
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ForewordThe second half of the part
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Rosatiorganizations. The “Lactati
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Rosatito guarantee correctness of s
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RosatiICAR also sponsors books belo
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Technical developments in Slovak co
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de Koning & HuijsmanThe Dutch Quali
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de Koning & Huijsmanare Medicines,
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de Koning & HuijsmanThe pulsation c
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de Koning & HuijsmanBalances which
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Tancin et al.Physiology of milk let
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Tancin et al.In the dairy practice
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Tancin et al.Mayer, H., D. Schams,
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Effect of machine milking on teatIn
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Effect of machine milking on teatBe
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Effect of machine milking on teatTa
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Effect of machine milking on teatNe
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Measurements of vacuum stabilityInt
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Measurements of vacuum stabilityTab
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Measurements of vacuum stabilityFor
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Marnet et al.Comparative study of p
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Marnet et al.production during the
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Marnet et al.prestimulation by the
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Worstorff & BilgeryEffects of liner
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Worstorff & BilgeryTable 1 summaris
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Worstorff & Bilgeryseries 40/32 kPa
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Differential staining of somatic ce
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Different diagnostic measures for m
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Evaluation of milking routine by La
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Evaluation of milking routine by La
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Fryc et al.The assessment parameter
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Fryc et al.p n[kPa]p n1p n2p npt st
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Fryc et al.rate. There were three s
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Milking devices disturbance on SCCm
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Milking devices disturbance on SCCL
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Milking devices disturbance on SCCT
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Turki & WinnickiMilking variables i
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Table1. Milk flow time from in indi
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Table 2. First minute milk flow, av
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Turki & WinnickiMayer H., Schams D.
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Milk recording in GermanyTable 1. E
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Milk recording in GermanyTable 3. A
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Milk recording in GermanyTable 5. M
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Main fields ofactivities of theGerm
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Influence of duration of a and c ph
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Nosal & BilgeryVibrations and vacuu
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Nosal & BilgerykPa45.645.445.245.04
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Nosal & BilgeryIn case of problems
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Testing of vacuum during milkingEva
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Testing of vacuum during milkingthe
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Ryšánek et al.Vacuum fluctuation
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Ryšánek et al.Teat injuries were
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Ryšánek et al.Particular attentio
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de KoningAutomatic milking:Chances
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de Koningfor some time after the mi
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de KoningMilk quality is without do
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de Koningwhen the bulk tank is empt
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de KoningLand, A. van ‘t et al, 2
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Characterising the farms equipped w
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Designing optimal robotic milking b
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ArtmannThe effects of automatic mil
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ArtmannData was collected on the ma
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ArtmannThe differences of the co-ef
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BarthEvaluation of somatic cell cou
Page 161 and 162: BarthTable 1. Determined and real m
Page 163 and 164: Barthyield is often a side effect o
Page 165 and 166: Milking parameters in modified milk
Page 167 and 168: Pallas & WendtThe development of ud
Page 169 and 170: Pallas & WendtSCC (x 1,000) / ml250
Page 171 and 172: Pallas & WendtTrilk, J. und Münch,
Page 173 and 174: Udder health and milk low profilesA
Page 175 and 176: Udder health and milk low profilesD
Page 177 and 178: AMS in Czech RepublicThis farm size
Page 179 and 180: AMS in Czech RepublicTable 1. Effec
Page 181 and 182: AMS in Czech RepublicFigure 1. Stab
Page 183 and 184: BruckmaierSpecific aspects of milk
Page 185 and 186: Bruckmaiertowards the end of lactat
Page 187 and 188: BruckmaierBruckmaier, R.M., D. Scha
Page 189 and 190: Teat callosity and mastitisResultsT
Page 191 and 192: de Koning et al.Milking characteris
Page 193 and 194: de Koning et al.Table 1. Statistica
Page 195 and 196: Influence of ageing on linersThe re
Page 197 and 198: Neijenhuis & HogeveenMilking interv
Page 199 and 200: Knízková et al.Effect of old and
Page 201 and 202: Knízková et al.Thermograms of the
Page 203 and 204: Knízková et al.Kunc, P., Knízkov
Page 205 and 206: Postmilking teat disinfectingIntrod
Page 207 and 208: Postmilking teat disinfectingNDT an
Page 209 and 210: Los & MaškováTeatcup hardness aft
Page 211: Los & MaškováIt follows from the
Page 215 and 216: Olechnowicz & TurkiMilking and milk
Page 217 and 218: Table 2. Milk components and somati
Page 219 and 220: Lipinski et al.Effect of some selec
Page 221 and 222: Lipinski et al.Milk hygiene quality
Page 223 and 224: Lipinski et al.1. The technical and
Page 225 and 226: Effect of two milking systems on te
Page 227 and 228: Effect of two milking systems on te
Page 229 and 230: Milk quality and mastitis monitorin
Page 231 and 232: Nitra in ICAR interlaboratory studi
Page 233 and 234: Botto et al.Effect of ultrasound in
Page 235 and 236: Báder et al.Change of udder confor
Page 237 and 238: Báder et al.6050%4030201.scor.2.sc
Page 239 and 240: Luger et al.Effect of inclination a
Page 241 and 242: Luger et al.There is no difference
Page 243 and 244: Harty et al.Modelling of liner beha
Page 245 and 246: Harty et al.A solid plane was const
Page 247 and 248: Provolo & SangiorgiUsing daily data
Page 249 and 250: Provolo & SangiorgiFigure 3. Averag
Page 251 and 252: Provolo & SangiorgiFigure 7. Cow no
Page 253 and 254: Provolo & Sangiorgistandardisation
Page 255 and 256: Cognome/iInhibition of oxytocin rel
Page 257 and 258: Tancin et al.Milk flow patterns: in
Page 259 and 260: Szlachta & AleksanderThe influence
Page 261 and 262: Szlachta & Aleksanderforces in the
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Szlachta & Aleksanderpressure diffe
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List of participantsŠtefan BodoSPU
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List of participantsMarian GregušI
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List of participantsMarija KlopcicD
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List of participantsŠtefan MihinaV
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List of participantsEduard Pravnans
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List of participantsJozef Tonhauser
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ICAR Technical Series no. 7 - Nitra Proc.

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