ICAR Technical Series no. 7 - Nitra Proc.

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Effect of rubber liners on teats by thermographyIntroductionThe most stressed part of the udder are the teats, because milking changestheir condition. Repeated teat compressions may cause mechanical andcirculatory changes in teat tissues and hyperaemia in teat wall (Hamann1992, Isaksson and Lind 1992, Burmeister et al. 1998). Such changes mayeven lead to pathological traumatization manifested by, e.g., congestion,oedema, cracks of mucous membrane, induration, etc. (Králícková 1984,Ryšánek and Babák 1986). Machine milking, however, will often producespecific traumatized zones even when all technical parameters of themilking machine used meet to relevant standards and the producer’srecommendations (Kejík and Mašková 1989, Kunc et al. 2000a). These zones,which cannot be detected visually, are manifested by elevated temperaturesand slow recovery (Kunc et al. 2000 b). They cannot be accurately localisedeven by contact thermometers. For all these reasons it seems that the mostsuitable method of detection is thermography. The changes of teattemperature are then used to evaluate the effects on clinically undetectedteat traumatization.There are a number of factors in machine milking that may influence thecondition of teats. Literary sources emphasise the importance of the milkingvacuum, and also pulsation rate, pulsation ratio and the quality of teatcups. The liners are in direct contact with very sensitive organ,i.e. mammary gland. Using the thermoghraphic method, Kejík andMašková (1989) and Malík et al. (1989) took udder thermograms andevaluated relationship between its traumatised zones and the quality ofteat rubber. Thermography was used by Mašková (1991) in her evaluationof a prototype of a milking machine. Basing her evaluation on anassessment of teat surface temperature during milking. The authorconcluded that the shape of teat rubber used in the new type of milkingmachine does not significantly stress the teat. Kunc et al. (1999) studiedthe influence of the liners with circular section and the liners of triangularsection on teats. Thermographic measurements showed that the liners withtriangular section affected the teats negatively.The objective of this study was to compare the effect of old (beforeexchange) and new (after exchange) rubber liners on the teats by means ofthe changes of teat surface temperature.Matherial andmethodsThermohraphic measurements (thermographic system AGA 570 DEMO)were conducted in milking parlour 2 x 10 (rapid exit herringbone, vacuum42.6 kPa) in 64 healthy dairy cows (Holstein, milk yield 8 200 l).Set of measurements was following:• 1 st day: evening milking – old (worn-out) rubber liners;• 2 nd day: morning milking - old (worn-out) rubber liners;⇒ exchange of rubber liners;• 2 nd day: evening milking – new rubber liners;• 3 rd day morning milking – new rubber liners.214Conference on "Physiological and technicalaspects of machine milking"
Knízková et al.Thermograms of the teats were obtained in following intervals:• premilking immediately;• postmilking immediately;• 1 st minute postmilking;• 2 nd minute postmilking;• 3 rd minute postmilking.The special computer program IRwin 5.3.1 was used for evaluation ofthermograms and data analyses.Table 1. Temperature status of teats in dependence on used rubber liners.Liners Premilking Postmilking 1min 2min 3minOld 31.20±1.46 33.04±0.78 32.51±0.62 32.41±0.62 32.33±0.73New 30.74±1.55 32.87±0.85 32.19±0.78 32.03±0.76 31.91±0.82old l inersnew liners34,7033,2434,2032,74teattem perature [oC ]-old liners33,7033,2032,7032,2032,2431,74teattem perature [oC ]-new liners31,7031,2431,20pre post 1 2 330,74Figure 1. The course of temperature changes of teatsICAR Technical Series - No 7215
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The designationsemployed and thepre
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The organisers of the meeting want
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Milking variables in relation to te
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Modelling of liner behaviour using
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ForewordThe second half of the part
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Rosatiorganizations. The “Lactati
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Rosatito guarantee correctness of s
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RosatiICAR also sponsors books belo
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Technical developments in Slovak co
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de Koning & HuijsmanThe Dutch Quali
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de Koning & Huijsmanare Medicines,
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de Koning & HuijsmanThe pulsation c
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de Koning & HuijsmanBalances which
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Tancin et al.Physiology of milk let
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Tancin et al.In the dairy practice
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Tancin et al.Mayer, H., D. Schams,
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Effect of machine milking on teatIn
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Effect of machine milking on teatBe
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Effect of machine milking on teatTa
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Effect of machine milking on teatNe
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Measurements of vacuum stabilityInt
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Measurements of vacuum stabilityTab
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Measurements of vacuum stabilityFor
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Marnet et al.Comparative study of p
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Marnet et al.production during the
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Marnet et al.prestimulation by the
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Worstorff & BilgeryEffects of liner
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Worstorff & BilgeryTable 1 summaris
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Worstorff & Bilgeryseries 40/32 kPa
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Differential staining of somatic ce
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Different diagnostic measures for m
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Evaluation of milking routine by La
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Evaluation of milking routine by La
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Fryc et al.The assessment parameter
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Fryc et al.p n[kPa]p n1p n2p npt st
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Fryc et al.rate. There were three s
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Milking devices disturbance on SCCm
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Milking devices disturbance on SCCL
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Milking devices disturbance on SCCT
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Turki & WinnickiMilking variables i
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Table1. Milk flow time from in indi
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Table 2. First minute milk flow, av
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Turki & WinnickiMayer H., Schams D.
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Milk recording in GermanyTable 1. E
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Milk recording in GermanyTable 3. A
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Milk recording in GermanyTable 5. M
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Main fields ofactivities of theGerm
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Influence of duration of a and c ph
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Nosal & BilgeryVibrations and vacuu
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Nosal & BilgerykPa45.645.445.245.04
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Nosal & BilgeryIn case of problems
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Testing of vacuum during milkingEva
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Testing of vacuum during milkingthe
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Ryšánek et al.Vacuum fluctuation
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Ryšánek et al.Teat injuries were
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Ryšánek et al.Particular attentio
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de KoningAutomatic milking:Chances
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de Koningfor some time after the mi
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de KoningMilk quality is without do
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de Koningwhen the bulk tank is empt
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de KoningLand, A. van ‘t et al, 2
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Characterising the farms equipped w
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Designing optimal robotic milking b
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Page 153 and 154: ArtmannThe effects of automatic mil
Page 155 and 156: ArtmannData was collected on the ma
Page 157 and 158: ArtmannThe differences of the co-ef
Page 159 and 160: BarthEvaluation of somatic cell cou
Page 161 and 162: BarthTable 1. Determined and real m
Page 163 and 164: Barthyield is often a side effect o
Page 165 and 166: Milking parameters in modified milk
Page 167 and 168: Pallas & WendtThe development of ud
Page 169 and 170: Pallas & WendtSCC (x 1,000) / ml250
Page 171 and 172: Pallas & WendtTrilk, J. und Münch,
Page 173 and 174: Udder health and milk low profilesA
Page 175 and 176: Udder health and milk low profilesD
Page 177 and 178: AMS in Czech RepublicThis farm size
Page 179 and 180: AMS in Czech RepublicTable 1. Effec
Page 181 and 182: AMS in Czech RepublicFigure 1. Stab
Page 183 and 184: BruckmaierSpecific aspects of milk
Page 185 and 186: Bruckmaiertowards the end of lactat
Page 187 and 188: BruckmaierBruckmaier, R.M., D. Scha
Page 189 and 190: Teat callosity and mastitisResultsT
Page 191 and 192: de Koning et al.Milking characteris
Page 193 and 194: de Koning et al.Table 1. Statistica
Page 195 and 196: Influence of ageing on linersThe re
Page 197 and 198: Neijenhuis & HogeveenMilking interv
Page 199: Knízková et al.Effect of old and
Page 203 and 204: Knízková et al.Kunc, P., Knízkov
Page 205 and 206: Postmilking teat disinfectingIntrod
Page 207 and 208: Postmilking teat disinfectingNDT an
Page 209 and 210: Los & MaškováTeatcup hardness aft
Page 211 and 212: Los & MaškováIt follows from the
Page 213 and 214: Trends in milking equipmentThe fina
Page 215 and 216: Olechnowicz & TurkiMilking and milk
Page 217 and 218: Table 2. Milk components and somati
Page 219 and 220: Lipinski et al.Effect of some selec
Page 221 and 222: Lipinski et al.Milk hygiene quality
Page 223 and 224: Lipinski et al.1. The technical and
Page 225 and 226: Effect of two milking systems on te
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Page 229 and 230: Milk quality and mastitis monitorin
Page 231 and 232: Nitra in ICAR interlaboratory studi
Page 233 and 234: Botto et al.Effect of ultrasound in
Page 235 and 236: Báder et al.Change of udder confor
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Page 239 and 240: Luger et al.Effect of inclination a
Page 241 and 242: Luger et al.There is no difference
Page 243 and 244: Harty et al.Modelling of liner beha
Page 245 and 246: Harty et al.A solid plane was const
Page 247 and 248: Provolo & SangiorgiUsing daily data
Page 249 and 250: Provolo & SangiorgiFigure 3. Averag
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Provolo & SangiorgiFigure 7. Cow no
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Provolo & Sangiorgistandardisation
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Cognome/iInhibition of oxytocin rel
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Tancin et al.Milk flow patterns: in
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Szlachta & AleksanderThe influence
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Szlachta & Aleksanderforces in the
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Szlachta & Aleksanderpressure diffe
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List of participantsŠtefan BodoSPU
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List of participantsMarian GregušI
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List of participantsMarija KlopcicD
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List of participantsŠtefan MihinaV
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List of participantsEduard Pravnans
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List of participantsJozef Tonhauser
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ICAR Technical Series no. 7 - Nitra Proc.

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