standards / manuals / guidelines for small hydro development - AHEC

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Areva Compact Air Insulated SubstationAnnexure-1.2All components are mounted together on a common base frame. The compact is optimized bycombining single components.The circuit breaker with an integrated current transformer is the main component of the module.In addition, the bushings of the breaker also function as insulators for the fixed contacts of thebus and feeder disconnectrors.The horizontal interrupter chamber is the determining factor for the low overall height of theentire module, allowing all energized components to be located on one level.The three column disconnectors installed in the module allow for a small clearance betweenphases and a reduced bay width.The integrated voltage transformer may substitute the support insulator of the feederdisconnector.Add-on bus and feeder earthing switches can provide the entire module with additionalfunctions.1-21
Section –2Selection of Switchyard Equipment1.0 Bus barsThe out door bus-bars are either of the rigid type or the strain type.In the rigid type, pipes are used for bus-bars and also for making connections among thevarious equipments wherever required. The bus-bars and the connections are supportedon pedestal insulators. This leads to a low level type of switchyard wherein equipment aswell as the bus-bars are spread out. Since the bus-bars are rigid. The clearances remainconstant. However as the bus-bars and connections are not very high from the ground, themaintenance is easy. Due to large diameter of the pipes, the corona loss is alsosubstantially less. It is also claimed that this system is more reliable than the strain bus.This type is however not suitable for earthquake prone area due to rigidity.The strain type bus bars are an overhead system of wires strung between two supportingstructures and supported by strain type insulators. The stringing tension may be limited to500-900 kg. depending upon the size of the conductor used. These type of busbras aresuitable for earthquake prone areas.1.1 Bus bar Material – The materials in common use for bus bars and connections of thestrain type are ACSR and all aluminum conductor. The following sizes are commonlyused.Code NameRemarks12 kV = 6 x 4.72 + 7 x 1.76 Dog upto 10 MVA in case line conductor is36 kV = 6 x 4.72 + 7 x 1.76 Dog upto 10 MVA of higher sizes same be72.5 kV = 30 x 2.79 + 7 x 2.79 ACSR Panther adopted as bus bar145 kV = 30 x 4.27 + 7 x 4.27 ACSR Zebra material245 kV = 54 x 3.53 + 7 x 3.53 ACSR MooseIn the case of rigid bus arrangement, aluminum pipes of Grade 63401 WP confirming toIS: 5082 are commonly used. The sizes of pipes commonly used for various voltages aregiven below:External Dia. Internal Dia System RemarksVoltages42 mm 36 mm Upto 36 kV Tamil Nadu Uses 50 mm IPSAluminium Tube upto 72.5 kV60 mm 52 mm Upto 72.5 kV Tamil Nadu Uses 75 mm IPS80 mm Upto 145 kV Aluminium Tube for 110 & 230 kVSince aluminum oxides rapidly great care is necessary in making connections. In the caseof long spans expansion joints should be provided to avoid strain on the supportinginsulators due to thermal expansion or contraction of pipe.2-1
Page 2 and 3: Section -1Guide for Design of Outdo
Page 4 and 5: The terms atmospheric overvoltages
Page 6 and 7: Table 2.31. Basic Data Example 1.Hi
Page 8 and 9: Spark gaps specified for fitting to
Page 10 and 11: 2.4.2 Working Safety Clearances125
Page 12 and 13: Highest System Voltage rating kV Sp
Page 14 and 15: 2.6 Insulator TypeTypes of insulato
Page 16 and 17: Bending .. .. 1265 kg/sq.cm.Shear .
Page 18 and 19: v) Installations in difficult site
Page 20 and 21: During maintenance, it is essential
Page 24 and 25: The bus bar sizes should meet the e
Page 26 and 27: disconnect switch contacts in such
Page 28 and 29: (iv)Electro magnetic type interlock
Page 30 and 31: ) Temperature rise of 11 kV Class C
Page 32 and 33: 4.6 TestsThe CTs shall be provided
Page 34 and 35: 10. 1.2/50 micro seconds impulse 32
Page 36: 7.0 Lightning ArrestorsLightning ar
Page 39 and 40: and this aspect has to be kept in m
Page 41 and 42: Fig. 12.1: Layout of 12 kV Agnoor S
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 12.4 Layout of 72.5 kV Switchy
Page 45 and 46: 464006800 7600 3000LA30002000 2000X
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 12.6:145 kV Outdoor Switchyard
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 12.7: 245 kV Outdoor Switchyar
Page 51 and 52: 2-20
Page 53 and 54: 3.0 Transformer RatingThe full load
Page 55 and 56: OFAFOil Immersed with forced oil ci
Page 57 and 58: The transformer may be operated wit
Page 59 and 60: 8.10 Parallel OperationThe transfor
Page 61 and 62: (a)(b)33 kV Transformers (MVA)1.001
Page 63 and 64: (e)(f)(g)(h)(i)(j)(k)(l)(m)(n)(o)(p
Page 65 and 66: 18.0 Oil Containment and Fire Prote
Page 67 and 68: ) The limits of temperature rise me
Page 69 and 70: Example Calculation -1Generator Tra
Page 71 and 72: TRANSFORMER RATING AND CHARACTERSTI
Page 73 and 74:
3.0 Type of Circuit BreakerFollowin
Page 75 and 76:
iii) during arcing of SF6 breaker,
Page 77 and 78:
3.4 Protection Classes for Switchge
Page 79 and 80:
The rated voltage is expressed in k
Page 81 and 82:
5.7 Rated Short Circuit Making Curr
Page 83 and 84:
Effect of circuit conditions on rec
Page 85 and 86:
5.17 Rated time quantities and oper
Page 87 and 88:
25405017.5 812.516254024 812.516254
Page 89 and 90:
component of fault current in addit
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Steps involved in applying method a
Page 93 and 94:
to earthxvii. Difference in the ins
Page 95 and 96:
Datai) Sub transient reactance of g
Page 97 and 98:
Annexure-1Current waveAA = envelop
Page 99:
Annexure-3Fig. 3.3 Arc extinction4-
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