standards / manuals / guidelines for small hydro development - AHEC

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Rationalization of capitalization Formula for Transformer LossesAnnexure-3.2The rated capitalization of transformer losses depends upon the rate of interest, rate of electricalenergy per kWh, life of transformer and average annual loss f actor. The annual loss factor takesinto account the loading of the transformer during the year. In computing the rate ofcapitalization of iron losses, copper losses and auxiliary losses. Following assumptions arerecommended.(i)(ii)(iii)(iv)(v)(vi)Rate of interest (r):Rate of electrical energy (EC): It is the cost of energy per kWh at the bus to which thetransformer to be connected.Life of the transformer (n): It is taken 25 years.Life transformer is in service for a period of 350 days in a year (allowing 15 days formaintenance, breakdown, etc.).The cooling pumps remain in service for 40% of the time, the transformer is in service.Annual loss factor: The annual loss factor may be worked out on the basis of the formulagiven below.LS = 0.3LF + 0.7 (LF) 2Where:LS is the annual loss factorLF is the annual load factorAssuming annual load factor as 60%, annual loss f actor works out to 0.432.Capitalization Formula SuggestedCapitalised Cost of Transformer = Initial cost + Capitalised cost of annual iron losses +Capitalised cost of annual copper losses + Capitalisedcost of annual auxiliary losses.Capitalised cost of iron losses per kW = 8400EC n1r 1r1 r nCapitalised cost of copper losses per kW = 8400EC n1r 1LSr1 r nCapitalised cost of iron losses per kW = 0.48400EC n1r 1r1 r nSubstituting the values, the capitalized cost of transformer.Actual value can be worked out by the purchaser by considering appropriate value of r, E L , L F ,and L C .3-17
Example Calculation -1Generator TransformerDifference of loss = 2.381 kWLoad factor = 80% = 0.8Rate of interest (r) = 10% = 0.1Rate of electrical energy (EC) = 2.5 RsLife of transformer (n) = 35 yearLS = 0.3(LF)+0.7(LF) 2LS = 0.3x0.8+0.7x(0.8) 2= 0.688Capitalised Cost of Additional Copper loss per kW= 8400EC n1rr1 r= 84002.5 10.1 0.11 1 LS1 0.688350.1= Rs. 139338.81Capitalised cost of additional transformer losses= 139338.81 x 2.381= Rs. 331766n353-18
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Section -1Guide for Design of Outdo
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The terms atmospheric overvoltages
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Table 2.31. Basic Data Example 1.Hi
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Spark gaps specified for fitting to
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2.4.2 Working Safety Clearances125
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Highest System Voltage rating kV Sp
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2.6 Insulator TypeTypes of insulato
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Bending .. .. 1265 kg/sq.cm.Shear .
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Page 20 and 21: During maintenance, it is essential
Page 22 and 23: Areva Compact Air Insulated Substat
Page 24 and 25: The bus bar sizes should meet the e
Page 26 and 27: disconnect switch contacts in such
Page 28 and 29: (iv)Electro magnetic type interlock
Page 30 and 31: ) Temperature rise of 11 kV Class C
Page 32 and 33: 4.6 TestsThe CTs shall be provided
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Page 36: 7.0 Lightning ArrestorsLightning ar
Page 39 and 40: and this aspect has to be kept in m
Page 41 and 42: Fig. 12.1: Layout of 12 kV Agnoor S
Page 43 and 44: Fig. 12.4 Layout of 72.5 kV Switchy
Page 45 and 46: 464006800 7600 3000LA30002000 2000X
Page 47 and 48: Fig. 12.6:145 kV Outdoor Switchyard
Page 49 and 50: Fig. 12.7: 245 kV Outdoor Switchyar
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Page 53 and 54: 3.0 Transformer RatingThe full load
Page 55 and 56: OFAFOil Immersed with forced oil ci
Page 57 and 58: The transformer may be operated wit
Page 59 and 60: 8.10 Parallel OperationThe transfor
Page 61 and 62: (a)(b)33 kV Transformers (MVA)1.001
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Page 65 and 66: 18.0 Oil Containment and Fire Prote
Page 67: ) The limits of temperature rise me
Page 71 and 72: TRANSFORMER RATING AND CHARACTERSTI
Page 73 and 74: 3.0 Type of Circuit BreakerFollowin
Page 75 and 76: iii) during arcing of SF6 breaker,
Page 77 and 78: 3.4 Protection Classes for Switchge
Page 79 and 80: The rated voltage is expressed in k
Page 81 and 82: 5.7 Rated Short Circuit Making Curr
Page 83 and 84: Effect of circuit conditions on rec
Page 85 and 86: 5.17 Rated time quantities and oper
Page 87 and 88: 25405017.5 812.516254024 812.516254
Page 89 and 90: component of fault current in addit
Page 91 and 92: Steps involved in applying method a
Page 93 and 94: to earthxvii. Difference in the ins
Page 95 and 96: Datai) Sub transient reactance of g
Page 97 and 98: Annexure-1Current waveAA = envelop
Page 99: Annexure-3Fig. 3.3 Arc extinction4-
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