Archaeological Survey of the Old Federal Road in Alabama

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1 John Buckner Little, History of Butler County, Alabama: 1815 to 1885 (Cincinnati, OH: Elm Street PrintingCompany, 1885).2 Thomas McAdory Owen, History of Alabama and Dictionary of Alabama Biography (Chicago, IL: S. J. ClarkePublishing Company, 1921), 1:181.3 Little, The History of Butler County, 25-29.4 Adam Hodgson, Letters from North America, two volumes (London: Hurst, Robinson & Co., 1824), 139-141.5 Oliver C. Weaver, Jr., “Benjamin Lloyd: A Pioneer Primitive Baptist in Alabama,” in Benjamin Lloyd’s HymnBook: A Primitive Baptist Song Tradition, edited by Joyce H. Cauthen, (Montgomery, AL: Alabama FolklifeAssociation, 1999), 52-53; Joey Brackner, “Elder Benjamin Lloyd and His Hymn Book,” in Benjamin Lloyd’s HymnBook: A Primitive Baptist Song Tradition, edited by Joyce H. Cauthen, (Montgomery, AL: Alabama FolklifeAssociation, 1999), 63.6 Clarence Edwin Carter, editor, The Territorial Papers of the United States, vol. 18, The Territory of Alabama,1817-1819 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1952), 290-291.7 Pickett Family Papers (1779-1904), Alabama Department of Archives and History (LPR185, Ia1, BoundManuscripts, Box 2), Interview Notes 11, State Department, “Notes taken from a file of Old Papers in the StateDepartment of Alabama relating to the Indian difficulties in 1818.” Albert James Pickett, History of Alabama, andIncidentally of Georgia and Mississippi, from the Earliest Period, two volumes (Charleston, SC; Walker and James,1851), 2:383; Carter, Territorial Papers of the United States, vol. 18, Alabama Territory 1817-1818, p. 349.8 Clarence Edwin Carter, editor, The Territorial Papers of the United States, vol. 18, The Territory of Alabama,1817-1819 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1952), 507-509; Walter Lowrie and Walter S. Franklin,editors, American State Papers, Class VII: Post Office Department (Washington, DC: Gales and Seaton, 1834), 177-178, 207-208.9 Little, The History of Butler County, 74-75.10 Gregory Jeane, “Southern Graveshelters and English Lych-gates: The Search for Culture Trait Origins,”Tributaries: Journal of the Alabama Folklife Association 3(2000):9-27. Front and back cover photos: Graveshelterin Fort Dale Cemetery, 1999 and a 1930s HABS photo.153
Chapter 7Lowndes CountyTracing the Old Federal RoadLowndes County, named in honor of WilliamLowndes of South Carolina, was established on January20, 1830. The county was formed from parts ofMontgomery, Dallas, and Butler counties. Shortly afterLowndes County was created, land taken from ButlerCounty was reallocated to form Crenshaw County, andthe remainder became the modern county (Figure 7-1).Two branches of the Old Federal Road, the original 1811road and a more commonly used later alternative,traverse the southeast corner the county from Butler Countyto Montgomery County. 1Figure 7-1. Map of Alabama, highlightingLowndes County.The routes of the original Old Federal Road and the Greenville Branch through Lowndes Countywere identified by consulting multiple sources, including Thomas Freeman and James Weakley’s surveyplats, historic maps, the 1916 USDA Lowndes County Soil Survey map, Fletcher Hale’s maps, andhistoric aerial photography. The original route of the Old Federal Road entered Lowndes County at theButler County line and passed by the old fort site and town of Fort Deposit. The old road continuednortheast to the Montgomery County line. In 1822, after the establishment of Greenville as county seat ofButler County and the subsequent decline of Fort Dale and Fort Deposit, the original road was no longerthe most convenient route of travel. A newer road was established along an old Indian path fromGreenville to Montgomery County approximately 5 miles east of the original route. The GreenvilleBranch merges with the original Old Federal Road in Montgomery County near the town of Pintlala.The original route of the Old Federal Road was found on the earliest survey plats created underthe direction Thomas Freeman (Figure 7-2). Freeman’s survey plat for the township containing theGreenville Branch does not show that alternative, indicating it was not in use before 1820. The GreenvilleBranch does appear on James Weakley’s survey plat from 1846, which strongly suggests that route wasestablished after Greenville’s rise in 1822 (Figure 7-3).154
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Table of ContentsList of Figures ..
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Chapter 8: Montgomery County ......
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4-1. Alabama county map highlightin
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6-7. Butler County detail of John L
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10-7. Detail of John LaTourette’s
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Chapter 1Project Goals and MethodsI
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Brief Historical BackgroundThe Old
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the road, and surveyed the relevant
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shown on historic maps, while many
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and other troop units to submit rep
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Figure 1-2. Robert Leslie Smith at
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Figure 1-5. Jeff Ross, Paul Merritt
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Figure 1-7. Annie Crenshaw, Raven C
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newly appointed Commissioner of the
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various historical sources. Phyllis
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Chapter 2Early History of the Old F
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quality stones, copper and mica fro
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would become the southern portion o
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Meigs (U.S. agent to the Cherokees)
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same instant, and the chance of dis
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In his latitude calculations Briggs
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force rapid mail service through an
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Traveling the Federal Road, 1811-18
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According to Hawkins, “Thomas Mer
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Moniac’s “Statement of property
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Federal Road west of Line Creek are
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Figure 2-7. Detail from John Melish
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and 1811 have not been found. In 18
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14 Walter Lowrie and Walter S. Fran
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56 Walter Lowrie and Walter S. Fran
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Piatt at Fort Stoddert. Piatt was i
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Figure 3-4. Detail of Abraham Bradl
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Figure 3-7. Detail of William Darby
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Figure 3-9. Detail of Fletcher Hale
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He also complained Fort Stoddert di
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command of Capt Skyler. The discipl
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Brett McWilliams, a local artifact
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now in poor condition (Figures 3-14
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Historic Sites in Washington County
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19 Gregory A. Waselkov, A Conquerin
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The Old Federal Road traversed the
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Figure 4-4. Detail of James Weakley
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The condition of the Old Federal Ro
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The Old Federal Road crosses the Ba
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Figure 4-12. A possible remnant of
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Historic Sites in Baldwin CountyFor
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Figure 4-16. View of the old Mims
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and were not accessible for revisit
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Figure 4-18. Military buttons from
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Figure 4-21. Military artifacts fro
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Figure 4-23. Tunstall house on High
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Figure 4-26. U.S. military buttons
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Historic Sites in Escambia CountyTh
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Archives, National Archives and Rec
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earlier survey. Segments of the roa
Page 114 and 115: Figure 5-5. Detail of John Melish
Page 116 and 117: Figure 5-8. Detail of John LaTouret
Page 118 and 119: Figure 5-10. Fletcher Hale’s copy
Page 120 and 121: Figure 5-13. The Old Federal Road i
Page 122 and 123: Figure 5-16. Dirt section of Conecu
Page 124 and 125: Figure 5-19. The Old Federal Road i
Page 126 and 127: The portion of the Old Federal Road
Page 128 and 129: McMillan Stage Stop. Scotsman Dunca
Page 130 and 131: Figure 5-26. Map showing McMillan
Page 132 and 133: Figure 5-27. Lowrey’s Store, Post
Page 134 and 135: Dr. Watkins’s House. Dr. John Wat
Page 136 and 137: Longmire’s Inn/Fort Warren. Sever
Page 138 and 139: not be investigated archaeologicall
Page 140 and 141: Figure 5-35. Anderson Stage Stop in
Page 142 and 143: provisions depot. However, when the
Page 144 and 145: When spring 1818 brought more murde
Page 146 and 147: Figure 5-41. William Weakley’s 18
Page 148 and 149: Figure 5-44. William Barrett Travis
Page 150 and 151: Henneberry, 1895), 241-242; Robert
Page 152 and 153: Figure 6-3. James Weakley’s 1847
Page 154 and 155: Henry Tanner’s 1823 map of Alabam
Page 156 and 157: The Old Federal Road spans the nort
Page 158 and 159: Figure 6-13. Entrenched section of
Page 160 and 161: Figure 6-14. The Palings stage stop
Page 162 and 163: the county. The landowners granted
Page 166 and 167: Figure 7-2. Federal Road on Thomas
Page 168 and 169: John Melish’s 1818 map of Alabama
Page 170 and 171: Figure 7-8. Fletcher Hale’s map d
Page 172 and 173: Figure 7-11. Old Federal Road and G
Page 174 and 175: Figure 7-14. Entrenched section of
Page 176 and 177: morning salute, then turning our ca
Page 178 and 179: Chapter 8Montgomery CountyTracing t
Page 180 and 181: Figure 8-4. Old Federal Road (not l
Page 182 and 183: Figure 8-7. Detail of John Melish
Page 184 and 185: Fletcher Hale’s maps depict the o
Page 186 and 187: A short distance beyond where the G
Page 188 and 189: Where the Old Federal Road crosses
Page 190 and 191: modern Alabama place names, Opelika
Page 192 and 193: stopped “near Macnac’s” to co
Page 194 and 195: prairies which you have frequently
Page 196 and 197: Figure 8-21. Topographic map with a
Page 198 and 199: Figure 8-22. Unit 2 chronologically
Page 200 and 201: Pickett says she settled on the eas
Page 202 and 203: contained 84 gravesites dating from
Page 204 and 205: 16 Clarence Edwin Carter, The Terri
Page 206 and 207: Figure 9-2. Old Federal Road on Jam
Page 208 and 209: Figure 9-5. Detail of an anonymous
Page 210 and 211: east onto County Road 2 (Figure 9-9
Page 212 and 213: Figure 9-12. The Old Federal Road t
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Figure 9-15. Dirt segment of Boromv
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of Little Prince and Opothle Yoholo
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Redsticks, marched from the Chattah
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Figure 9-19. Fletcher Hale’s map
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Warrior’s sons-in-law Captain Wal
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Chapter 10Russell CountyTracing the
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Figure 10-3. Detail of Abraham Brad
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Figure 10-7. Detail of John LaToure
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Figure 10-10. Old Federal Road on p
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Figure 10-13. Section of Old Federa
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Figure 10-16. The Old Federal Road
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Kendall Lewis, son-in-law of Big Wa
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Fort Mitchell, Creek Agency, and An
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A National Cemetery was created at
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6 Benton, The Very Worst Road, 65-6
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The Old Federal Road RouteOur archa
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We have devoted considerable effort
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Our 1723 Chickasaw map offers a gli
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of the old-growth forests and to pl
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Figure 11-6. Detail from David Tait
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As we have seen, most Americans saw
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towns and settled for a time at Pol
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home on the left, the 1902 Hinson h
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parks or educational centers. The m
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Appendix 1Extracts from Benjamin Ha
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E. Bearing east.32 + c. r. 15/ oak
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N.EBearing northeast.36. path to th
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Course and Admeasurement2 pole Chai
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S. 61 E. 17 “N. 83 E. 7 “N. 82
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E. 16 “S. 83 E. 9 “S. 87 E. 8
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N. 34 E. 14 “N. 30 E. 16 “N. 24
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N. 64 E. 9 “N. 40 E. 9 “N. 25 E
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N. 19 E. 5 “N. 44 E. 7 “[page 5
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N. 72 E. 16 “N. 71 E. 10 “N. 79
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N. 77 E. 5 “N. 69 E. 4 “N. 64 E
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N. 36 E. 7 “N. 54 E. 9 “N. 52 E
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[page 97]N. 61˚ E. 7 Chains. The S
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N. 12 E. 7 “N. 32 E. 10 “N. 36
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N. 66˚ E. 4 ChainsN. 28 E. 7 “N.
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XIIIIIII. Prairies or Glades the qu
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N. 27 E. 1 “N. 1 W. 2 “[page 14
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No 9: Joseph Wheaton to Gideon Gran
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Blue Spruce, Duane, and Tanya Thras
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Ethridge, Robbie, Creek Country: Th
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Potter, Stephen R., and Gregory A.
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Archaeological Survey of the Old Federal Road in Alabama

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