TUZLU SU SALTWATER

80 Adrian Parr
Denemeler / Essays
81
how singularities operate – displacing, redistributing and transforming a political state
of affairs. (11) Peace is no longer conceived of as imposing a unified, fixed form on formlessness
and chaos as the more reactive model of peace-as-security suggests. Instead,
peace is treated as a singularity alongside other singularities such as violence,
abundance or flourishing. All occupy the social field as potentialities.
It would be erroneous to think that the distinction made by Deleuze and Guattari between
striated and smooth spaces hierarchically pits one kind of space against the
other, for each is enmeshed in the other. Within striation, there is always a smooth
spatial potentiality, and vice versa. In Battir, striated spaces of exclusion, separation
and militarism, and smooth spaces of open and inclusive movements tenuously exist
amidst each other. Water flows, underground springs, flourishing ecologies, food autonomy,
collective memories and the common energies of Battir persistently smooth
the lines of geopolitical striation. The UNESCO listing tackled the confrontation between
these two very different spatial practices, recognising that their immanent relationship
could provide the basis for political action. Massaging the smooth spaces
immanent to the striated spaces of militarism and enclosure, an otherwise constituted
power of oppression was accordingly transformed into a constitutive power of autonomy
and emancipation. It is therefore interesting to note that it was through an unlikely
partnership between otherwise hostile actors – Israelis and Palestinians – motivated
by a shared environmental and cultural interest, that a nonviolent outcome arose. In
turn, the hostility immanent to Palestinian-Israeli relations was exposed as having
the potential to become collaborative; it all depends on how social energies, cultural
affections and geopolitical forces are put to work. In this respect, the immanent relationship
between smooth and striated spaces was affirmed. The affirmation constituted
an expression of peacefulness that arose from releasing a new kind of power: the
multifaceted and constitutive power of vulnerability (ecological, cultural, mnemonic),
countering the romantic and somewhat clichéd view of empowering the vulnerable.
The smooth spaces of Battir were being overwhelmed by the striating practices of the
Israeli state apparatus of securitisation and militarisation. Rather than treat these qualitative
differences as quantitative entities that would measure out a fixed parcel of territory
for delimitation and enclosure, all of which would have strangulated the spatial and
temporal flows constitutive of everyday life in Battir, the UNESCO World Heritage listing
redistributed the temporary nature of rhythmic ecological variation and cultural vulnerability,
placing these in the service of weakening as opposed to consolidating state-led
violence. Out of this affective intensification of vulnerabilities arose a spatiotemporal
modality of peacefulness through which a sense of localised dignity was restored.
Notlar / Notes
(1) Gilles Deleuze ve Félix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia [Bin Yayla:
Kapitalizm ve Şizofreni], çev. Brian Massumi (Londra: Athlone Press, 1987), s. 474-500.
Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, A Thousand Pleateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, trans. Brian
Massumi (London: Athlone Press, 1987), pp.474–500.
(2) Edward Said, “Invention, Memory, and Place” [İcat, Bellek ve Yer], Critical Inquiry, c. 26, no. 2 (Kış
2000), s. 187.
Edward Said, ‘Invention, Memory, and Place’, Critical Inquiry, Vol. 26, No. 2 (Winter 2000), p.187.
(3) a.g.e., s. 175-92. Keith Whitelam, The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian
History [Eski İsrail'in İcadı: Filistin Tarihinin Susturulması] (London: Routledge, 1996).
Ibid., p.175–92. Keith Whitelam, The Invention of Ancient Israel: The Silencing of Palestinian History
(London: Routledge, 1996).
(4) Birleşmiş Milletler İnsani İşler Koordinasyonu Merkezi [OCHA] İşgal Altındaki Filistin Yurdu [OPT].
“Movement and Access in the West Bank” [Batı Şeria’da Devinim ve Erişim], Eylül 2011. http://
www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_movementandaccess_factsheet_september_2011.pdf
(Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2015).
United Nations, Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs Occupied Palestinian Territory.
‘Movement and Access in the West Bank’, September 2011. http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_
movementandaccess_factsheet_september_2011.pdf (accessed 2 March 2015).
(5) Aktaran Rick Gladstone, “Israel: UN Chief Criticizes Seizing of West Bank Land” [İsrail: BM Başkanı
Batı Şeria Toprağı Zaptını Eleştirdi], The New York Times, 1 Eylül 2014. http://www.nytimes.
com/2014/09/02/world/middleeast/israel-un-chief-criticizes-seizing-of-west-bank-land.html?_
r=0 (Erişim tarihi: 22 Mart 2015).
Cited in Rick Gladstone, ‘Israel: UN Chief Criticizes Seizing of West Bank Land’, The New York Times, 1
September 2014. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/02/world/middleeast/israel-un-chief-criticizes-seizing-of-west-bank-land.html?_r=0
(accessed 22 March 2015).
(6) 1994’te yaklaşık 800.000 Hutu, Ruanda soykırımı esnasında BM güvenlik güçlerinin gözleri önünde
katledildi. 1995’te Yugoslavya’daki savaşta, BM'nin kontrolündeki Srebrenica “güvenli bölgesi”,
8.000 Bosnalı Müslüman erkeğin ve erkek çocuğunun katledilmesini durdurmakta aciz kaldı. Yine
2011’de, Güney Sudan’da siviller öldürülürken, bebek mavisi miğferleriyle barış güçleri bir kenarda
beklemekteydi. Bkz. United Human Rights Council [Birleşmiş İnsan Hakları Komisyonu]. “Genocide
in Rwanda” [Ruanda’da Soykırım]. http://www.unitedhumanrights.org/genocide/genocide_in_
rwanda.htm. Erişim tarihi: 25 Mart 2015; Ivan Lupis ve Laura Pitter, The Fall of Srebrenica and the
Failure of UN Peacekeeping [Srebrenica’nın Düşüşü ve BM Barış Koruyuculuğunun Başarısızlığı],
İnsan Hakları İzleme Örgütü (HRW), c. 7, no. 13 (Ekim 1995), s. 69. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/
files/reports/bosnia1095web.pdf (Erişim tarihi: 24 Mart 2015).
In 1994 approximately 800,000 Hutus were slaughtered during the Rwandan genocide under the
watchful eye of the UN security forces. In 1995 during the Yugoslavian conflict, the UN ‘safe area’ of
Srebrenica failed to stop the massacre of over 8,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys. Once again
in 2011 the baby blue helmet peacekeepers stood by as civilians were murdered in South Sudan.
See United Human Rights Council. ‘Genocide in Rwanda’ http://www.unitedhumanrights.org/
genocide/genocide_in_rwanda.htm. Accessed 25 March 2015; Ivan Lupis and Laura Pitter. The Fall
of Srebrenica and the Failure of UN Peacekeeping. Human Rights Watch, vol. 7, no. 13 (October 1995),
p.69. http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/bosnia1095web.pdf (accessed 24 March 2015).
(7) Rajni Kothari, “Globalisation and a New World Order: What future for the United Nations?”
[Küreselleşme ve Yeni Dünya Düzeni: Birleşmiş Milletler için ne geleceği?], Economic and Political
Weekly, c. 30, no. 40 (1995), s. 2513-17; Madeleine K. Albright, “United Nations” [Birleşmiş
Milletler], Foreign Policy, no. 138 (2003), s. 16; James Lebovic, “Uniting for Peace? Democracies
and United Nations Peace Keeping Operations after the Cold War” [Barış için Birleşmek? Soğuk
Savaş’tan sonra Demokrasiler ve Birleşmiş Milletler Barış Koruma Operasyonları], The Journal of
Conflict Resolution, c. 48, no. 6 (2004), s. 910-36.
Rajni Kothari, ‘Globalisation and a New World Order’: What future for the United Nations?’, Economic and
Political Weekly, Vol. 30, No. 40 (1995), pp. 2513–17; Madeleine K. Albright, ‘United Nations’, Foreign Policy,
No. 138 (2003), p.16; James Lebovic, ‘Uniting for Peace? Democracies and United Nations Peace Keeping
Operations after the Cold War’, The Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 48, No. 6 (2004), pp.910–36.
(8) FoEME, bundan önceki ismini geri aldı: Ekobarış Ortadoğu.
FoEME has now reverted to its former name: Ecopeace Middle East.
(9) Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities [Turizm ve Eski Eserler Bakanlığı], State of Conservation
Report for Palestine: Land of Olives and Vines: Cultural Landscape of Southern Jerusalem, Battir
(1492) Palestine [Filistin Muhafaza Durumu Raporu: Zeytin Bahçelerinin ve Bağların Diyarı: Güney
Kudüs’ün Kültürel Manzarası, Battir (1492) Filistin], UNESCO (2015): 4. file:///Users/adrianzaretsky/Downloads/7A%20-%20Palestine%20-%20Battir%2020150227%20ONLINE%20public.pdf.
(Erişim tarihi: 22 Mart 2015); Friends of the Earth Middle East, “Battir Registered as a World Heritage
Site in Danger” [Battir Tehlike Altında Bir Dünya Mirası Olarak Kayıtlara Geçti], 21 Haziran 2014.
http://foeme.org/www/?module=media_releases&record_id=131 (Erişim tarihi 27 Mart 2015).