Brasil só deve dominar Leitura em 260 anos, aponta estudo do Banco Mundial Relatorio Banco Mundial _Learning

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Figure O.7 Why learning doesn’t happen: Four immediate factors that break down Source: WDR 2018 team. teachers Unskilled and unmotivated School management that doesn’t affect teaching and learning LEARNING Unprepared learners School inputs that don’t affect teaching and learning with poverty undermine early childhood learning. 30 Severe deprivations—whether in terms of nutrition, unhealthy environments, or lack of nurture by caregivers—have long-lasting effects because they impair infants’ brain development. 31 Thirty percent of children under 5 in developing countries are physically stunted, meaning they have low height for their age, typically due to chronic malnutrition. 32 The poor developmental foundations and lower levels of preschool skills resulting from deprivation mean many children arrive at school unprepared to benefit fully from it (figure O.8). 33 So even in a good school, deprived children learn less. Moreover, breaking out of lower learning trajectories becomes harder as these children age because the brain becomes less malleable. Thus education systems tend to amplify initial differences. Moreover, many disadvantaged youth are not in school. Fees and opportunity costs are still major financial barriers to schooling, and social dimensions of exclusion—for example, those associated with gender or disability—exacerbate the problem. These inequalities in school participation further widen gaps in learning outcomes. Second, teachers often lack the skills or motivation to be effective. Teachers are the most important factor affecting learning in schools. In the United States, students with great teachers advance 1.5 grade levels or more over a single school year, compared with just 0.5 grade levels for those with an ineffective teacher. 34 In developing countries, teacher quality can matter even more than in wealthier countries. 35 But most education systems do not attract applicants with strong backgrounds. For example, 15-year-old students who aspire to be teachers score below the national average on PISA in nearly all countries. 36 Beyond that, weak teacher education results in teachers lacking subject knowledge and pedagogical skills. In 14 Sub-Saharan countries, the average grade 6 teacher performs no better on reading tests than do the highest-performing students from that grade. 37 In Indonesia, 60 percent of the time in a typical mathematics class is spent on lecturing, with limited time remaining for practical work or problem-solving. 38 Meanwhile, in many developing countries substantial amounts of learning time are lost because classroom time is spent on other activities or because teachers are absent. Only a third of total instructional time was used in Ethiopia, Ghana, and Guatemala. 39 Across seven African countries, one in five teachers was absent from school on the day of an unannounced visit by survey teams, with another fifth absent from the classroom even though they were at school (figure O.9). 40 The problems are even more severe in remote communities, amplifying the disadvantages already facing rural students. Such diagnostics are not intended to blame teachers. Rather, they call attention to how systems undermine learning by failing to support them. Third, inputs often fail to reach classrooms or to affect learning when they do. Public discourse often equates problems of education quality with input gaps. Devoting enough resources to education is crucial, and in some countries resources have not kept pace with the rapid jumps in enrollment. For several reasons, however, input shortages explain only a small part of the learning crisis. First, looking across systems and schools, similar levels of resources are often associated with vast differences in learning outcomes. 41 Second, increasing inputs in a given setting often has small effects on learning outcomes. 42 Part of the reason is that inputs often fail to make it to the front lines. A decade ago in Sierra Leone, for example, textbooks were distributed to schools, but follow-up inspections found most of them locked away in cupboards, unused. 43 Similarly, many technological interventions 10 | World Development Report 2018
Figure O.8 Socioeconomic gaps in cognitive achievement grow with age—even in preschool years Percentage of children ages 3–5 who can recognize 10 letters of the alphabet, by wealth quintile, selected countries 100 a. Central African Republic 100 b. Kazakhstan 100 c. Tunisia 80 80 80 Percent 60 40 Percent 60 40 Percent 60 40 20 20 20 0 0 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 Age (years) Age (years) Age (years) Richest quintile Poorest quintile 95% confidence interval 95% confidence interval Source: WDR 2018 team, using data from Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (http://mics.unicef.org/). Data are for 2010 for the Central African Republic, 2010–11 for Kazakhstan, and 2012 for Tunisia. Data at http://bit.do/WDR2018-Fig_O-8. 0 fail before they reach classrooms, and even when they do make it to classrooms, they often do not enhance teaching or learning. In Brazil, a One Laptop Per Child initiative in several states faced years of delays. Then, even a year after the laptops finally made it to classrooms, more than 40 percent of teachers reported never or rarely using them in classroom activities. 44 Fourth, poor management and governance often undermine schooling quality. Although effective school leadership does not raise student learning directly, it does so indirectly by improving teaching quality and ensuring effective use of resources. 45 Across eight countries that have been studied, a 1.00 standard deviation increase in an index of management capacity—based on the adoption of 20 management practices—is associated with a 0.23–0.43 standard deviation increase in student outcomes. But school management capacity tends to be lowest in those countries with the lowest income levels, and management capacity is substantially lower in schools than in manufacturing (figure O.10). 46 Ineffective school leadership means school principals are not actively involved in helping teachers solve problems, do not provide instructional advice, and do not set goals that prioritize learning. School governance—particularly the decision-making autonomy of schools, along with the oversight provided by parents and communities—serves as the framework for seeking local solutions and being accountable for them. In many settings, schools lack any meaningful Figure O.9 In Africa, teachers are often absent from school or from classrooms while at school Percentage of teachers absent from school and from class on the day of an unannounced visit, participating countries Percent 60 40 20 0 Uganda, 2013 Mozambique, 2014 Tanzania, 2010 Kenya, 2012 Tanzania, 2014 Teachers absent from the Togo, 2013 Senegal, 2011 Nigeria, 2013 classroom school Source: Bold and others (2017). Data at http://bit.do/WDR2018-Fig_O-9. Note: “Absent from the classroom” combines absences from school with absences from class among teachers who are at school. Data are from the World Bank’s Service Delivery Indicators (SDI) surveys (http://www .worldbank.org/sdi). autonomy, and community engagement fails to affect what happens in classrooms. 47 Because these quality problems are concentrated among disadvantaged children, they amplify social Overview | 11
Page 6 and 7: © 2018 International Bank for Reco
Page 8 and 9: 95 Choose learning metrics based on
Page 10 and 11: O.6 9 School completion is higher f
Page 12 and 13: Map B6.3.1 135 Linguistic diversity
Page 14 and 15: ecause of these shortcomings threat
Page 16 and 17: xiv | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The team is g
Page 18 and 19: xvi | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ousmane Dione
Page 21 and 22: OVERVIEW Learning to realize educat
Page 23 and 24: OVERVIEW Learning to realize educat
Page 25 and 26: Figure O.1 Shortfalls in learning s
Page 27 and 28: Figure O.3 Children from poor house
Page 29: Figure O.6 School completion is hig
Page 33 and 34: methods, and they need to care enou
Page 35 and 36: often lack the organization, inform
Page 37 and 38: Figure O.12 Many countries lack inf
Page 39 and 40: FIGURE O.13 Low-performing countrie
Page 41 and 42: Figure O.14 It’s more complicated
Page 43 and 44: overlooked. The evidence on success
Page 45 and 46: consultations that have tried to br
Page 47 and 48: in regional learning assessments (s
Page 49 and 50: 75. Duflo, Hanna, and Ryan (2012);
Page 51 and 52: Research Triangle Park, NC: Centro
Page 53 and 54: Levitt, Steven D., John A. List, Su
Page 55: Adolescents Are Out of School as Ai
Page 58 and 59: 1 Schooling, learning, and the prom
Page 60 and 61: Box 1.1 Schooling as human capital
Page 62 and 63: Education promotes economic growth
Page 64 and 65: Learning and the promise of educati
Page 66 and 67: people need a range of skills—cog
Page 68 and 69: Box 1.3 Comparing attainment across
Page 70 and 71: 74. For OECD countries, see Heckman
Page 72 and 73: Evidence from Kenya.” NBER Workin
Page 74: 12757, National Bureau of Economic
Page 78 and 79: 2 Thegreatschooling expansion—and
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Figure 2.3 Nationalincomeis correla
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Box 2.1 Accessdenied:Theeffectsoffr
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their brightest child to secondary
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Hanushek, Eric A., and Ludger Woess
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SPOTLIGHT1 Thebiologyoflearning Res
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outcomes. Finally, intense stress o
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Figure 3.1 Mostgrade6studentsinWest
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Box 3.1 Thosewhocan’treadbytheend
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Figure 3.4 Learningoutcomesvarygrea
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meeting global development goals wi
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language and cognitive abilities ar
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Box 3.3 Teachersmayperceiveloweffor
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13. UNESCO (2015). 14. Filmer, Hasa
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Learning Community of Practice.”
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SPOTLIGHT2 Povertyhindersbiological
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early childhood interventions that
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particularly true in low-income cou
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In such contexts, learning metrics
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Learning assessments of key foundat
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technical challenges. 54 Ex ante li
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Heckman, James J., Rodrigo Pinto, a
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SPOTLIGHT3 Themultidimensionality o
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Notes 1. Schönfeld (2017). 2. For
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SPOTLIGHT 4 Learning about learning
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changes in school leadership, schoo
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5 There is no learning without prep
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FIGURE 5.1 It pays to invest in hig
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etter cognitive development, more p
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Box 5.2 Communities can leverage th
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Box 5.3 Providing information on ch
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sometimes mattering more than the e
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and above and indicates the ability
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Carneiro, Pedro, Flavio Cunha, and
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from Poor Rural Areas Go to High Sc
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————. 2017. World Developme
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Table 6.1 Models of human behavior
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Figure 6.1 Only a small fraction of
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Box 6.3 Reaching learners in their
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comparable, suggesting similarly la
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19. He, Linden, and MacLeod (2008,
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Harris-Van Keuren, Christine, and I
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Yoon, Kwang Suk, Teresa Duncan, Sil
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Table 7.1 Models of human behavior
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girls. Even beyond building entire
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Pradesh, India, providing community
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from a Randomized Experiment in Ecu
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8 Build on foundations by linking s
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on their effectiveness is scant. Ev
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or nonprofits with industry-specifi
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16. Aubery, Giles, and Sahn (2017).
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Fares, Jean, and Olga Susana Puerto
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SPOTLIGHT 5 Technology is changing
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All of those skills that help indiv
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PART IV Making the system work for
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aligned with the overall goal of le
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many countries they do not routinel
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thinking, the curriculum alone will
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Box 9.3 Can private schooling be al
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financial support in anticipation o
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Institute for Educational Planning,
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SPOTLIGHT 6 Spending more or spendi
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Figure S6.2 The relationship betwee
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public investment. A central elemen
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10 Unhealthy politics drives misali
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Figure 10.1 Contradictory interests
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Box 10.2 How politics can derail le
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Trapped in low-accountability, low-
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Educational Research and Innovation
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11 How to escape low-learning traps
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Box 11.1 Using information to align
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on learning can strengthen incentiv
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Box 11.4 Using “labs” to build
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education systems effectively requi
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Box 11.7 Burundi improved education
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shift aligned funding with new real
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Notes 1. Cassen, McNally, and Vigno
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Working Paper 21825, National Burea
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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Brasil só deve dominar Leitura em 260 anos, aponta estudo do Banco Mundial Relatorio Banco Mundial _Learning

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