Brasil só deve dominar Leitura em 260 anos, aponta estudo do Banco Mundial Relatorio Banco Mundial _Learning

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1 Schooling, learning, and the promise of education “ No one has yet realized the wealth of sympathy, the kindness and generosity hidden in the soul of a child. The effort of every true education should be to unlock that treasure.” EMMA GOLDMAN “ In the long run, the best way to reduce inequalities with respect to labor as well as to increase the average productivity of the labor force and the overall growth of the economy is surely to invest in education.” THOMAS PIKETTY, CAPITAL IN THE TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY Education is a basic human right, and it is central to unlocking human capabilities. It also has tremendous instrumental value. Education raises human capital, productivity, incomes, employability, and economic growth. But its benefits go far beyond these monetary gains: education also makes people healthier and gives them more control over their lives. And it generates trust, boosts social capital, and creates institutions that promote inclusion and shared prosperity. Education as freedom Since 1948, education has been recognized as a basic human right, highlighting its role as a safeguard for human dignity and a foundation of freedom, justice, and peace. 1 In the language of Amartya Sen’s capability approach, education increases both an individual’s assets and his or her ability to transform them into well-being—or what has been called the individual’s “beings and doings” and “capabilities.” 2 Education can have corresponding salutary effects on communities and societies. Education expands freedom through many channels, both raising aspirations and increasing the potential to reach them. These benefits are both monetary and nonmonetary for individuals, families, communities, and society as a whole (table 1.1). Most people—whether policy makers or parents— already recognize the great value of education. 3 Families around the world make great sacrifices to keep their children in good schools, and political and opinion leaders consistently rank education among their top development priorities. For that reason, this chapter does not try to review all the evidence on the benefits of education. But before launching into the main theme of this Report—the learning crisis and what to do about it—it is worth surveying briefly the many ways in which education can contribute to progress, highlighting that these benefits often depend on learning, not just schooling. 4 Education improves individual freedoms Education improves economic opportunities Education is a powerful tool for raising incomes. Education makes workers more productive by giving 38 | World Development Report 2018
Table 1.1 Examples of education’s benefits Monetary Individual/family Higher probability of employment Greater productivity Higher earnings Reduced poverty Community/society Higher productivity More rapid economic growth Poverty reduction Long-run development Nonmonetary Better health Improved education and health of children/family Greater resilience and adaptability More engaged citizenship Better choices Greater life satisfaction Increased social mobility Better-functioning institutions/service delivery Higher levels of civic engagement Greater social cohesion Reduced negative externalities Source: WDR 2018 team. them the skills that allow them to increase their output. 5 Each additional year of schooling typically raises an individual’s earnings by 8–10 percent, with larger increases for women (figure 1.1). 6 This is not just because higher-ability or better-connected people (who would earn more regardless of their schooling) receive more education, as proposed by the signaling model of education. “Natural experiments” from a wide variety of countries—such as Honduras, Indonesia, the Philippines, the United Kingdom, and the United States—prove that schooling does drive the increased earnings (box 1.1). 7 In well-functioning labor markets, education reduces the likelihood of unemployment. In these economies, high school graduates are less likely than less educated workers to lose their jobs, and if they do they are more likely to find another job. Educated workers are more attached to the firms they work for. They are also more effective at acquiring and processing job search information. 8 Research in Finland and the United States finds that more schooling makes it easier for unemployed people to find reemployment. 9 In less developed economies with large informal sectors and underemployment, education is associated with greater access to full-time jobs in the formal sector. 10 Education leads to longer lives and enables better life choices Education promotes longer, healthier lives. Around the world, there are strong links among education, Figure 1.1 More schooling is systematically associated with higher wages Median percentage increase in wages associated with each additional year of schooling, by country group and gender 16 12 Percent 8 4 0 Sub-Saharan Africa Latin America and the Caribbean East Asia and Pacific Middle East and North Africa South Asia Europe and Central Asia High-income countries World Female Male Source: WDR 2018 team, using data from Montenegro and Patrinos (2017). Data at http://bit.do/WDR2018-Fig_1-1. Note: Figure is based on the latest available data, 1992–2012. Regions do not include high-income countries. Schooling, learning, and the promise of education | 39
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© 2018 International Bank for Reco
Page 8 and 9: 95 Choose learning metrics based on
Page 10 and 11: O.6 9 School completion is higher f
Page 12 and 13: Map B6.3.1 135 Linguistic diversity
Page 14 and 15: ecause of these shortcomings threat
Page 16 and 17: xiv | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The team is g
Page 18 and 19: xvi | ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Ousmane Dione
Page 21 and 22: OVERVIEW Learning to realize educat
Page 23 and 24: OVERVIEW Learning to realize educat
Page 25 and 26: Figure O.1 Shortfalls in learning s
Page 27 and 28: Figure O.3 Children from poor house
Page 29 and 30: Figure O.6 School completion is hig
Page 31 and 32: Figure O.8 Socioeconomic gaps in co
Page 33 and 34: methods, and they need to care enou
Page 35 and 36: often lack the organization, inform
Page 37 and 38: Figure O.12 Many countries lack inf
Page 39 and 40: FIGURE O.13 Low-performing countrie
Page 41 and 42: Figure O.14 It’s more complicated
Page 43 and 44: overlooked. The evidence on success
Page 45 and 46: consultations that have tried to br
Page 47 and 48: in regional learning assessments (s
Page 49 and 50: 75. Duflo, Hanna, and Ryan (2012);
Page 51 and 52: Research Triangle Park, NC: Centro
Page 53 and 54: Levitt, Steven D., John A. List, Su
Page 55: Adolescents Are Out of School as Ai
Page 60 and 61: Box 1.1 Schooling as human capital
Page 62 and 63: Education promotes economic growth
Page 64 and 65: Learning and the promise of educati
Page 66 and 67: people need a range of skills—cog
Page 68 and 69: Box 1.3 Comparing attainment across
Page 70 and 71: 74. For OECD countries, see Heckman
Page 72 and 73: Evidence from Kenya.” NBER Workin
Page 74: 12757, National Bureau of Economic
Page 78 and 79: 2 Thegreatschooling expansion—and
Page 80 and 81: Figure 2.3 Nationalincomeis correla
Page 82 and 83: Box 2.1 Accessdenied:Theeffectsoffr
Page 84 and 85: their brightest child to secondary
Page 86 and 87: Hanushek, Eric A., and Ludger Woess
Page 88 and 89: SPOTLIGHT1 Thebiologyoflearning Res
Page 90 and 91: outcomes. Finally, intense stress o
Page 92 and 93: Figure 3.1 Mostgrade6studentsinWest
Page 94 and 95: Box 3.1 Thosewhocan’treadbytheend
Page 96 and 97: Figure 3.4 Learningoutcomesvarygrea
Page 98 and 99: meeting global development goals wi
Page 100 and 101: language and cognitive abilities ar
Page 102 and 103: Box 3.3 Teachersmayperceiveloweffor
Page 104 and 105: 13. UNESCO (2015). 14. Filmer, Hasa
Page 106 and 107: Learning Community of Practice.”
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SPOTLIGHT2 Povertyhindersbiological
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early childhood interventions that
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particularly true in low-income cou
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In such contexts, learning metrics
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Learning assessments of key foundat
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technical challenges. 54 Ex ante li
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Heckman, James J., Rodrigo Pinto, a
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SPOTLIGHT3 Themultidimensionality o
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Notes 1. Schönfeld (2017). 2. For
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SPOTLIGHT 4 Learning about learning
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changes in school leadership, schoo
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5 There is no learning without prep
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FIGURE 5.1 It pays to invest in hig
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etter cognitive development, more p
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Box 5.2 Communities can leverage th
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Box 5.3 Providing information on ch
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sometimes mattering more than the e
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and above and indicates the ability
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Carneiro, Pedro, Flavio Cunha, and
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from Poor Rural Areas Go to High Sc
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————. 2017. World Developme
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Table 6.1 Models of human behavior
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Figure 6.1 Only a small fraction of
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Box 6.3 Reaching learners in their
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comparable, suggesting similarly la
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19. He, Linden, and MacLeod (2008,
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Harris-Van Keuren, Christine, and I
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Yoon, Kwang Suk, Teresa Duncan, Sil
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Table 7.1 Models of human behavior
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girls. Even beyond building entire
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Pradesh, India, providing community
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from a Randomized Experiment in Ecu
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8 Build on foundations by linking s
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on their effectiveness is scant. Ev
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or nonprofits with industry-specifi
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16. Aubery, Giles, and Sahn (2017).
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Fares, Jean, and Olga Susana Puerto
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SPOTLIGHT 5 Technology is changing
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All of those skills that help indiv
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PART IV Making the system work for
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aligned with the overall goal of le
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many countries they do not routinel
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thinking, the curriculum alone will
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Box 9.3 Can private schooling be al
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financial support in anticipation o
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Institute for Educational Planning,
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SPOTLIGHT 6 Spending more or spendi
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Figure S6.2 The relationship betwee
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public investment. A central elemen
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10 Unhealthy politics drives misali
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Figure 10.1 Contradictory interests
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Box 10.2 How politics can derail le
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Trapped in low-accountability, low-
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Educational Research and Innovation
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11 How to escape low-learning traps
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Box 11.1 Using information to align
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on learning can strengthen incentiv
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Box 11.4 Using “labs” to build
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education systems effectively requi
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Box 11.7 Burundi improved education
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shift aligned funding with new real
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Notes 1. Cassen, McNally, and Vigno
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Working Paper 21825, National Burea
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ECO-AUDIT Environmental Benefits St
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Brasil só deve dominar Leitura em 260 anos, aponta estudo do Banco Mundial Relatorio Banco Mundial _Learning

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