Comprehesive Boiler Manual Jan 2019

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iv. Gauge vs Absolute psig (gauge) psia (absolute) H 2O boiling pt Perfect Vacuum -14.7 0 °F Near Vacuum -14.5 0.2 53° Mt. Everest -5.6 9.1 157° Pheonix, AZ -0.6 14.1 210.1° Sea Level 0 14.7 212° Dead Sea 0.8 15.5 215° Example: a boiler psi 100 114.7 337° Sea Level = 1 atmosphere = 14.7 psia = 0 psig Space = a vacuum psia = 0 psig = -14.7 Mt. Everest = 29,029 ft Dead Sea = -1378 ft Pheonix, AZ = 1086 ft The boiling point changes about 1˚ for each 550 ft change in elevation High altitude cooking instructions: 3500 to 6500 ft Increase simmer time to 19 min (with lower boiling temperature, it takes longer to cook food.) Vacuum pump Vacuum jar P a g e 60
5) Steam Table Gauge Pressure Inches of Hg (Vacuum) Psig Psia Boiling Point ºF Btu content of 1 lb. of water at B.P. Btu needed to turn 1 lb. of water at B.P. into steam Btu content of saturated steam Volume of water ft 3 /lb at B.P. Volume of steam ft 3 /lb at B.P. 29.7 0.09 32.02 0 1075.8 1075.8 0.01602 3306 29.5 0.2 53 21 1063.8 1085.0 0.01603 1526 27.9 1.0 102 70 1036.3 1106.0 0.01614 334 19.7 5.0 162 130 1001.0 1131.0 0.01641 73.5 9.6 10.0 193 161 982.1 1143.3 0.01659 38.4 7.5 11.0 198 166 979.3 1145.0 0.01665 35.1 5.5 12.0 202 170 976.6 1146.6 0.01667 32.4 3.5 13.0 206 174 974.2 1148.1 0.01667 30.1 1.4 14.0 210 178 971.9 1149.5 0.01670 28.0 0 14.7 212 180 970.3 1150.3 0.01672 26.8 1 15.7 216 184 967 1152 0.01675 24.8 2 16.7 219 187 965 1153 0.01677 23.4 5 19.7 227 196 960 1156 0.01683 20.1 10 24.7 240 208 952 1160 0.01692 16.3 15 29.7 250 219 945 1164 0.01700 13.8 20 34.7 259 228 939 1167 0.01708 11.9 25 39.7 267 236 933 1170 0.01714 10.5 30 44.7 274 243 928 1172 0.01721 9.4 40 54.7 287 256 919 1176 0.01732 7.8 50 64.7 298 267 911 1179 0.01743 6.7 60 74.7 307 277 904 1182 0.01752 5.8 70 84.7 316 286 898 1184 0.01761 5.2 80 94.7 324 295 891 1186 0.01769 4.7 90 104.7 331 302 886 1188 0.01777 4.2 100 114.7 337 309 880 1189 0.01785 3.9 110 124.7 344 316 875 1191 0.01792 3.6 120 134.7 350 322 870 1192 0.01799 3.3 130 144.7 355 328 866 1193 0.01806 3.1 140 154.7 360 333 861 1195 0.01812 2.9 150 164.7 366 339 857 1196 0.01818 2.7 200 214.7 388 362 837 1199 0.01847 2.1 250 264.7 406 382 820 1202 0.01873 1.7 etc.↓ 300 417 394 809 1203 0.01890 1.54 400 446 424 781 1205 0.01934 1.16 450 456 437 767 1205 0.01955 1.03 500 467 449 755 1204 0.01975 0.93 600 486 472 732 1203 0.02013 0.77 900 532 527 669 1195 0.02123 0.50 1200 567 572 612 1183 0.02232 0.36 1500 596 612 556 1167 0.02346 0.28 2000 636 672 463 1135 0.02565 0.19 2500 668 731 361 1191 0.02860 0.13 2700 680 756 312 1068 0.03027 0.11 3206.2 705 903 0 903 0.05053 0.05053 Sea Level Supercritical Water refers to conditions above 3206.2 psia and 705 °F where steam and water reach a new phase. P a g e 61
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www.b-ct.net BOILERS Comprehensive
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iii. Air Compressor ...............
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ii. Composition ...................
Page 7 and 8:
. Fuel Line Limit Controllers .....
Page 9 and 10: 2) Fire Tube i. Multi-Pass Multi-Pa
Page 11 and 12: ICB: InterCooled Back boiler P a g
Page 13 and 14: iv. Stays Stays are often installed
Page 15 and 16: Flex Tube Bryan ® Flex Tube Closed
Page 17 and 18: Circular Coil Circular Coil Boiler
Page 19 and 20: O, D, A Type “O” Type “A” T
Page 21 and 22: iii. Downcomer spelling! Mud drum D
Page 23 and 24: v. Steam Scrubber: Baffles/Dry Pipe
Page 25 and 26: 4) Water Cum Smoke Tube (Water and
Page 27 and 28: 6) Closed Loop Boilers (Hot Water C
Page 29 and 30: Water Expansion Control Water Expan
Page 31 and 32: PEX tubing Closed Loop Continued PE
Page 33 and 34: Measurement Refractometer: Chemical
Page 35 and 36: Condensing Boiler Condensing Boiler
Page 37 and 38: 7) Co-Generation a. Electricity Tes
Page 39 and 40: c. Steam Turbine Rotors (rotating)
Page 41 and 42: e. Non-Condensing Turbines Non-Cond
Page 43 and 44: A) Boiler Start Up, Operation and S
Page 45 and 46: i. Heat Pump Around 37°F many heat
Page 47 and 48: iii. Air Compressor Atomizing and C
Page 49 and 50: Temperature @ 0 psig = 1 Atm = sea
Page 51 and 52: Saturation Curve Saturation Curve S
Page 53 and 54: Extreme Precipitation A combination
Page 55 and 56: Water to Ice Expansion to Ice Expan
Page 57 and 58: i. Sublimation/Deposition Home Unit
Page 59: iii. Boiling/Condensing Vapor Cone:
Page 63 and 64: ˚F → Water Rankine Cycle: Steam
Page 65 and 66: Digital psi sensor Aux. operations
Page 67 and 68: Water level indicator using Differe
Page 69 and 70: (Hydraulic Fracturing) Downward tre
Page 71 and 72: iii. Solid Fuels / BioMass Wood Sol
Page 73 and 74: Solid Fuels: Garbage Municipal Wast
Page 75 and 76: iv. Electricity Very small wall mou
Page 77 and 78: i. Combustion Air Atmospheric Draft
Page 79 and 80: ii. Spark Ignition Transformer Spar
Page 81 and 82: Premix Flame Diffusion Flame: no Ox
Page 83 and 84: Swirler and Nozzle The diffuser, or
Page 85 and 86: Burners Premix Burner Premix Mesh B
Page 87 and 88: ii. Oil Oil Burners Light Oil Steam
Page 89 and 90: Dual iii. Duel Fuel: NG & and Oil L
Page 91 and 92: Grate Bed Bed Step Grate Chain Grat
Page 93 and 94: Circulating CFB = Circulating Fluid
Page 95 and 96: Sonic Blast Soot Blower Uses compre
Page 97 and 98: i. Thermodynamic Thermodisc When co
Page 99 and 100: Mechanical continued Inverted Bucke
Page 101 and 102: Mechanical continued Float & Thermo
Page 103 and 104: Thermostatic continued Spring Expan
Page 105 and 106: v. Automatic Pump Trap (APT) = Cond
Page 107 and 108: PRV Let Down Station P a g e 107
Page 109 and 110: Desuperheater 2) Keeping steam temp
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High Capacity Instantaneous Steam F
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Motorized solenoid incoming steam c
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ii. Plate and Frame Plate and Frame
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iv. Steam Radiators Adjustable Ther
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vi. Autoclaves High temperature and
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4) Pumps i. Reciprocating Reciproca
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iii. Centrifugal Series vs Parallel
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v. Motor Vibration Monitoring All r
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5) Valves i. Types Ball Gate Butter
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iii. Actuators Actuators remotely o
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A Solenoid: Electricity creates a t
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Cavitation: Sudden implosion of low
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ii. Condensate Vacuum Pump During m
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Variable Frequency Drive ii. VFD: A
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D) Piping Systems 1) Pipes i. Manuf
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ii. Composition Carbon Steel Black
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iv. Poiseuille’s Law Poiseuille
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Inline Steam Separators iii. Inline
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E) Water Quality 1) Water Chemistry
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pH Probe Acids have more positive i
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Conductivity vs. TDS Total dissolve
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2) Make Up Water Up Water The term
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Water Softener Sodium (Na+) changes
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KCl vs. NaCl The potassium (K) atom
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iii. Filtration Suspended Solids Fi
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Slime Buildup on RO Membrane Foulin
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3) Feed Water: DA Tank DeAerator i.
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Page 3 Overflow Valve controller, H
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4) Boiler Water i. Caustic Embrittl
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iii. Residual Oxygen Pitting Contro
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v. Sludge and Settlement Control: B
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vi. Water Column Blowdown Normal co
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Most common amines pH controlling a
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LDI - Liquid Droplet Impingement ii
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7) Chemical Feed Pumps Peristaltic
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G) System Documentation / Plant Per
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2) Flow Meters i. Differential Pres
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ii. Ultrasonic 2. Ultrasonic Dopple
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3) Energy Measurement Energy: measu
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Acid Rain Acid Rain Nitric Acid Sul
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SO₂ Control Sulfur Dioxide Contro
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Stoichiometric flame → Flame exti
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Premix Low NO x Burners By mixing t
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Flue Gas Recirculation, recycles a
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SCR Ammonia Free 3 Way Catalytic Co
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SCR Ammonia Injection Grid = AIG Th
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3 Way Dual Bed 3 Way Single Bed Pla
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(Particulate Matter) Control Electr
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, Bag House (Particulate Matter) Co
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New Technology New Technology Emiss
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CO₂ (Green House Gasses) Greenhou
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2) Generator System Components Turb
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I) Routine Equipment Maintenance 1)
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3) Small Boiler Layup/Seasonal Down
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2) Refractory Fire box lining (bric
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K) Safety Systems 1) Emergency Stop
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5) Hartford Loop The Hartford Loop
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. Fuel Line Limit Controllers Any o
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Using positive pressure air flow fr
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Boiler Gas Train PRVs Strainers Iso
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Pilot Line: NG pilot line extractio
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Atomizing Air/Steam for Fuel Oil At
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K = Potassium, Ag = Silver, Cs = Ce
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Flame Rod Flame Rod = Ionization Se
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Magnetic Float = gauge glass tubula
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L) Facilitating and monitoring rece
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M) Efficiency 1) LEED Program In th
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Hole Size 20 psi 25 psi 100 psi 200
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The difference in Oxygen concentrat
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Increase Effects (symptoms) 3) Effe
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Combustion Air Pre-Heaters 5) Combu
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6) Blowdown Heat Recovery i. Surfac
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Usable low psi steam 7) Flash Steam
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3) Periodic Table P a g e 257
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5) Boiler Device Nomenclature AFOSV
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Bypass Feeder .....................
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Hydrogen ..........................
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Reverse Osmosis ...................
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Comprehesive Boiler Manual Jan 2019

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