Comprehesive Boiler Manual Jan 2019

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A stoichiometric Air to Fuel Ratio (AFR) has the correct amount of air and fuel to produce a chemically complete combustion event. iv. Air/Fuel Ratio (AFR) Mod motor for incoming combustion air UEL = Upper Explosive Limit LEL = Lower Explosive Limit Soot buildup Increased CO Decreased CO2 Stack Temperature drop RICH flame LEAN flame Increased O2 Decreased CO2 Stack Temperature drop Turbulent Flame Laminar Flame To increase heat output, fuel velocity is increased. If sufficient combustion air is not provided, the flame will extinguish itself. The increase of both fuel and air velocity creates a turbulent flame. Composition of Air P a g e 82
Swirler and Nozzle The diffuser, or swirl vanes, slows incoming air, increasing pressure, increasing available O 2 molecules available for combustion (basically, the swirl action “forces” more air into the combustion zone = Turbulent Flame). The nozzle increases velocity of fuel, reducing fuel pressure. Spreading fuel molecules farther apart improves air/fuel combustion ratio. Smaller oil burner nozzles usually include a filter Fuel oil compressor: increases fuel pressure Proper combination of swirler diffusion and nozzle spray should maximize combustion efficiency P a g e 83
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www.b-ct.net BOILERS Comprehensive
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iii. Air Compressor ...............
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ii. Composition ...................
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. Fuel Line Limit Controllers .....
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2) Fire Tube i. Multi-Pass Multi-Pa
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ICB: InterCooled Back boiler P a g
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iv. Stays Stays are often installed
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Flex Tube Bryan ® Flex Tube Closed
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Circular Coil Circular Coil Boiler
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O, D, A Type “O” Type “A” T
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iii. Downcomer spelling! Mud drum D
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v. Steam Scrubber: Baffles/Dry Pipe
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4) Water Cum Smoke Tube (Water and
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6) Closed Loop Boilers (Hot Water C
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Water Expansion Control Water Expan
Page 31 and 32: PEX tubing Closed Loop Continued PE
Page 33 and 34: Measurement Refractometer: Chemical
Page 35 and 36: Condensing Boiler Condensing Boiler
Page 37 and 38: 7) Co-Generation a. Electricity Tes
Page 39 and 40: c. Steam Turbine Rotors (rotating)
Page 41 and 42: e. Non-Condensing Turbines Non-Cond
Page 43 and 44: A) Boiler Start Up, Operation and S
Page 45 and 46: i. Heat Pump Around 37°F many heat
Page 47 and 48: iii. Air Compressor Atomizing and C
Page 49 and 50: Temperature @ 0 psig = 1 Atm = sea
Page 51 and 52: Saturation Curve Saturation Curve S
Page 53 and 54: Extreme Precipitation A combination
Page 55 and 56: Water to Ice Expansion to Ice Expan
Page 57 and 58: i. Sublimation/Deposition Home Unit
Page 59 and 60: iii. Boiling/Condensing Vapor Cone:
Page 61 and 62: 5) Steam Table Gauge Pressure Inche
Page 63 and 64: ˚F → Water Rankine Cycle: Steam
Page 65 and 66: Digital psi sensor Aux. operations
Page 67 and 68: Water level indicator using Differe
Page 69 and 70: (Hydraulic Fracturing) Downward tre
Page 71 and 72: iii. Solid Fuels / BioMass Wood Sol
Page 73 and 74: Solid Fuels: Garbage Municipal Wast
Page 75 and 76: iv. Electricity Very small wall mou
Page 77 and 78: i. Combustion Air Atmospheric Draft
Page 79 and 80: ii. Spark Ignition Transformer Spar
Page 81: Premix Flame Diffusion Flame: no Ox
Page 85 and 86: Burners Premix Burner Premix Mesh B
Page 87 and 88: ii. Oil Oil Burners Light Oil Steam
Page 89 and 90: Dual iii. Duel Fuel: NG & and Oil L
Page 91 and 92: Grate Bed Bed Step Grate Chain Grat
Page 93 and 94: Circulating CFB = Circulating Fluid
Page 95 and 96: Sonic Blast Soot Blower Uses compre
Page 97 and 98: i. Thermodynamic Thermodisc When co
Page 99 and 100: Mechanical continued Inverted Bucke
Page 101 and 102: Mechanical continued Float & Thermo
Page 103 and 104: Thermostatic continued Spring Expan
Page 105 and 106: v. Automatic Pump Trap (APT) = Cond
Page 107 and 108: PRV Let Down Station P a g e 107
Page 109 and 110: Desuperheater 2) Keeping steam temp
Page 111 and 112: High Capacity Instantaneous Steam F
Page 113 and 114: Motorized solenoid incoming steam c
Page 115 and 116: ii. Plate and Frame Plate and Frame
Page 117 and 118: iv. Steam Radiators Adjustable Ther
Page 119 and 120: vi. Autoclaves High temperature and
Page 121 and 122: 4) Pumps i. Reciprocating Reciproca
Page 123 and 124: iii. Centrifugal Series vs Parallel
Page 125 and 126: v. Motor Vibration Monitoring All r
Page 127 and 128: 5) Valves i. Types Ball Gate Butter
Page 129 and 130: iii. Actuators Actuators remotely o
Page 131 and 132: A Solenoid: Electricity creates a t
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Cavitation: Sudden implosion of low
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ii. Condensate Vacuum Pump During m
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Variable Frequency Drive ii. VFD: A
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D) Piping Systems 1) Pipes i. Manuf
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ii. Composition Carbon Steel Black
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iv. Poiseuille’s Law Poiseuille
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Inline Steam Separators iii. Inline
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E) Water Quality 1) Water Chemistry
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pH Probe Acids have more positive i
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Conductivity vs. TDS Total dissolve
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2) Make Up Water Up Water The term
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Water Softener Sodium (Na+) changes
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KCl vs. NaCl The potassium (K) atom
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iii. Filtration Suspended Solids Fi
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Slime Buildup on RO Membrane Foulin
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3) Feed Water: DA Tank DeAerator i.
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Page 3 Overflow Valve controller, H
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4) Boiler Water i. Caustic Embrittl
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iii. Residual Oxygen Pitting Contro
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v. Sludge and Settlement Control: B
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vi. Water Column Blowdown Normal co
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Most common amines pH controlling a
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LDI - Liquid Droplet Impingement ii
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7) Chemical Feed Pumps Peristaltic
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G) System Documentation / Plant Per
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2) Flow Meters i. Differential Pres
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ii. Ultrasonic 2. Ultrasonic Dopple
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3) Energy Measurement Energy: measu
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Acid Rain Acid Rain Nitric Acid Sul
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SO₂ Control Sulfur Dioxide Contro
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Stoichiometric flame → Flame exti
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Premix Low NO x Burners By mixing t
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Flue Gas Recirculation, recycles a
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SCR Ammonia Free 3 Way Catalytic Co
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SCR Ammonia Injection Grid = AIG Th
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3 Way Dual Bed 3 Way Single Bed Pla
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(Particulate Matter) Control Electr
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, Bag House (Particulate Matter) Co
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New Technology New Technology Emiss
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CO₂ (Green House Gasses) Greenhou
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2) Generator System Components Turb
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I) Routine Equipment Maintenance 1)
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3) Small Boiler Layup/Seasonal Down
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2) Refractory Fire box lining (bric
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K) Safety Systems 1) Emergency Stop
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5) Hartford Loop The Hartford Loop
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. Fuel Line Limit Controllers Any o
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Using positive pressure air flow fr
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Boiler Gas Train PRVs Strainers Iso
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Pilot Line: NG pilot line extractio
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Atomizing Air/Steam for Fuel Oil At
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K = Potassium, Ag = Silver, Cs = Ce
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Flame Rod Flame Rod = Ionization Se
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Magnetic Float = gauge glass tubula
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L) Facilitating and monitoring rece
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M) Efficiency 1) LEED Program In th
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Hole Size 20 psi 25 psi 100 psi 200
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The difference in Oxygen concentrat
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Increase Effects (symptoms) 3) Effe
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Combustion Air Pre-Heaters 5) Combu
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6) Blowdown Heat Recovery i. Surfac
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Usable low psi steam 7) Flash Steam
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3) Periodic Table P a g e 257
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5) Boiler Device Nomenclature AFOSV
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Bypass Feeder .....................
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Hydrogen ..........................
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Reverse Osmosis ...................
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Comprehesive Boiler Manual Jan 2019

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