Anemia of Prematurity - Portal Neonatal

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PICTURES Section 10 of 11 Picture 1. This is a radiograph of a 1-day-old infant with a moderate-sized congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Note the air- and fluid-filled bowel loops in the left chest, the moderate shift of the mediastinum into the right chest, and the position of the orogastric tube. BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • Albanese CT, Lopoo J, Goldstein RB: Fetal liver position and perinatal outcome for congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Prenat Diagn 1998 Nov; 18(11): 1138-42[Medline]. • Areechon W, Reid L: Hypoplasia of the lung associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Br Med J 1963; i: 230-233. • Bohn DJ, Pearl R, Irish MS: Postnatal management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Clin Perinatol 1996 Dec; 23(4): 843-72[Medline]. • Clark RH, Hardin WD Jr, Hirschl RB: Current surgical management of congenital diaphragmatic hernia: a report from the Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Study Group. J Pediatr Surg 1998 Jul; 33(7): 1004-9[Medline]. • Finer NN, Tierney A, Etches PC: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia: developing a protocolized approach. J Pediatr Surg 1998 Sep; 33(9): 1331-7[Medline]. • Garred P, Madsen HO, Balslev U: Susceptibility to HIV infection and progression of AIDS in relation to variant alleles of mannose-binding lectin. Lancet 1997 Jan 25; 349(9047): 236-40. • Gross RE: Congenital hernia of the diaphragm. Am J Dis Child 1946; 71: 579-592. • Harrison MR, Mychaliska GB, Albanese CT: Correction of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in utero IX: fetuses with poor prognosis (liver herniation and low lung-to-head ratio) can be saved by fetoscopic temporary tracheal occlusion. J Pediatr Surg 1998 Jul; 33(7): 1017-22; discussion 1022-3[Medline]. • Kapur P, Holm BA, Irish MS: Tracheal ligation and mechanical ventilation do not improve the antioxidant enzyme status in the lamb model of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. J Pediatr Surg 1999 Feb; 34(2): 270-2[Medline]. • Kays DW, Langham MR Jr, Ledbetter DJ: Detrimental effects of standard medical therapy in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Ann Surg 1999 Sep; 230(3): 340-8; discussion 348-51. • Lally KP: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 1996 Nov; 5(4): 249-55[Medline]. • Lally KP, Breaux CW Jr: A second course of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in the neonate-- is there a benefit? Surgery 1995 Feb; 117(2): 175-8[Medline]. • Langham MR Jr, Kays DW, Ledbetter DJ: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Epidemiology and outcome. Clin Perinatol 1996 Dec; 23(4): 671-88[Medline]. • NINOS: Inhaled nitric oxide and hypoxic respiratory failure in infants with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. The Neonatal Inhaled Nitric Oxide Study Group (NINOS). Pediatrics 1997 Jun; 99(6): 838-45[Medline]. • Nobuhara KK, Lund DP, Mitchell J: Long-term outlook for survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Clin Perinatol 1996 Dec; 23(4): 873-87[Medline]. • Nobuhara KK, Wilson JM: Pathophysiology of congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Semin Pediatr Surg 1996 Nov; 5(4): 234-42[Medline].
• O'Toole SJ, Irish MS, Holm BA: Pulmonary vascular abnormalities in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Clin Perinatol 1996 Dec; 23(4): 781-94[Medline]. • Reickert CA, Hirschl RB, Atkinson JB: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia survival and use of extracorporeal life support at selected level III nurseries with multimodality support. Surgery 1998 Mar; 123(3): 305-10[Medline]. • Steinhorn RH, Kriesmer PJ, Green TP: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Minnesota. Impact of antenatal diagnosis on survival. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994 Jun; 148(6): 626-31. • Stolar CJ: What do survivors of congenital diaphragmatic hernia look like when they grow up? Semin Pediatr Surg 1996 Nov; 5(4): 275-9[Medline]. • Weinstein S, Stolar CJ: Newborn surgical emergencies. Congenital diaphragmatic hernia and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Pediatr Clin North Am 1993 Dec; 40(6): 1315-33. • Wilcox DT, Irish MS, Holm BA: Pulmonary parenchymal abnormalities in congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Clin Perinatol 1996 Dec; 23(4): 771-9[Medline]. • Wilcox DT, Irish MS, Holm BA: Prenatal diagnosis of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with predictors of mortality. Clin Perinatol 1996 Dec; 23(4): 701-9[Medline]. • Wilson JM, Lund DP, Lillehei CW: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia--a tale of two cities: the Boston experience. J Pediatr Surg - Lillehei CW; 32(3): 401-5[Medline].
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e.medecine NEONATOLOGY 2006
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24. Neonatal Hypertension..........
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Although EPO is not the only erythr
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Causes: • AOP results from a comb
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• Reducing the number of donor ex
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FOLLOW-UP Section 8 of 10 Further O
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Apnea of Prematurity Last Updated:
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The primary problem for premature n
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pressure. Bradycardia may begin wit
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TREATMENT Section 6 of 11 Medical C
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Drug Name Doxapram (Dopram) -- Stim
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Prognosis: • The natural history
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o Despite the number of premature i
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • B
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Tidal volume is the volume of gas i
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5 time constants. The resulting tim
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Once the diagnosis of RDS is establ
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-BASED VENTILATORY S
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High-frequency ventilation:High-fre
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Picture 2. Determinants of oxygenat
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Birth Trauma Last Updated: August 4
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The extent of hemorrhage may be sev
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CRANIAL NERVE AND SPINAL CORD INJUR
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unpredictable unavoidable complicat
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Bowel Obstruction in the Newborn La
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The prenatal diagnosis of a bowel o
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Page 55 and 56: Other causes of proximal bowel obst
Page 57 and 58: Hirschsprung disease Hirschsprung d
Page 59 and 60: POSTOPERATIVE CARE FOLLOWING SURGER
Page 61 and 62: Picture 4. Bowel obstruction in the
Page 63 and 64: Breast Milk Jaundice Last Updated:
Page 65 and 66: DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 9 Anemia
Page 67 and 68: Consultations: Diet: • Consider c
Page 69 and 70: Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Last Upd
Page 71 and 72: CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: B
Page 73 and 74: of BPD and in the need for continue
Page 75 and 76: Physical: • Infants with BPD have
Page 77 and 78: discomfort. Many new synchronized v
Page 79 and 80: treat acute bronchospasm; however,
Page 81 and 82: • Excessive glucose loads may inc
Page 83 and 84: Interactions Beta-adrenergic blocke
Page 85 and 86: Drug Category: Pulmonary vasodilato
Page 87 and 88: MISCELLANEOUS Section 9 of 11 Medic
Page 89 and 90: • Frank L, Groseclose E: Oxygen t
Page 91 and 92: • Northway WH Jr: Bronchopulmonar
Page 93 and 94: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Las
Page 95 and 96: DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 10 Aspir
Page 97 and 98: o Inhaled nitric oxide may be used
Page 99 and 100: Drug Name Pediatric Dose Contraindi
Page 101 and 102: Drug Name Pediatric Dose Vecuronium
Page 103: Prognosis: • Pulmonary recovery:
Page 107 and 108: This article reviews the mechanics
Page 109 and 110: Positioning the infant Positioning
Page 111 and 112: stress and fatigue in both parents
Page 113 and 114: As the mother's milk supply is esta
Page 115 and 116: Engorgement Engorgement is a common
Page 117 and 118: Ethical Issues in Neonatal Care Las
Page 119 and 120: GOALS OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE Se
Page 121 and 122: Other guidelines of ethical import
Page 123 and 124: In some situations, tragic situatio
Page 125 and 126: BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 8 of 8 • AAP
Page 127 and 128: CLINICAL FEATURES Section 4 of 7 Th
Page 129 and 130: Comparisons of the nutrient content
Page 131 and 132: Indomethacin is used prophylactical
Page 133 and 134: FOLLOW-UP CARE Section 5 of 7 Nearl
Page 135 and 136: BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 7 of 7 • Bha
Page 137 and 138: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Nutrition M
Page 139 and 140: Clinical evaluation • Weight fact
Page 141 and 142: o Hypernatremia is defined as a ser
Page 143 and 144: intake from protein is included in
Page 145 and 146: Energy ENTERAL NUTRITION MANAGEMENT
Page 147 and 148: growth and bone mineral content has
Page 149 and 150: Hemolytic Disease of Newborn Last U
Page 151 and 152: CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: W
Page 153 and 154: • Serologic tests Imaging Studies
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IVT in 1981. With ultrasonographic
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status (eg, watching for hypoglycem
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� The mechanism by which unconjug
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • B
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Race: No racial predilection exists
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Phytonadio
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Human Milk and Lactation Last Updat
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LACTATION Section 5 of 11 Two essen
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IMMUNOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF HUMAN MIL
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Picture 3. Human milk and lactation
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• Isaacs CE, Thormar H: The role
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Hydrops Fetalis Last Updated: June
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Also of note is a computer simulati
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Physical: The presence of any of th
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o Once disorders of hemoglobin alph
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Structural anomalies Table 2. Cardi
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o B19V o Cytomegalovirus (CMV) o Sy
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o Sjögren syndrome A (uncertain in
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most commonly thrombocytopenia, is
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Lab Studies: WORKUP Section 5 of 10
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o Karyotyping is always indicated i
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• Space-occupying masses, which i
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of antidiabetic agents and antagoni
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Drug Name Sotalol (Betapace) -- Rec
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• Cowan RH, Waldo AL, Harris HB:
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• Silverman NH, Schmidt KG: Ventr
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At the cellular level, neuronal inj
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o Disturbances of ocular motion, su
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 10 Methy
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Interactions Benzodiazepines, cimet
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o Allopurinol: Slight improvements
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• Patel J, Edwards AD: Prediction
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Increased insulin levels stimulate
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irth; symptoms may include jitterin
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speculated to be secondary to incre
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Procedures: o Clinical features of
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• Cardiac management o If signs o
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Pediatric Dose Contraindications In
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MISCELLANEOUS Section 9 of 11 Medic
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limiting step in the process, relea
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History: CLINICAL Section 3 of 11
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at equilibrium conditions, the isom
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• A number of guidelines for the
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Exchange transfusion Exchange trans
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FOLLOW-UP Section 8 of 11 Further I
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • A
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Kernicterus Last Updated: November
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CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: A
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o Extravasated blood: Significant a
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milk intake because of reduced mamm
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department and must be heavily seda
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Diet: Depending on the degree of ne
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Transfer: The recently reported cas
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Prognosis: The spectrum of neurolog
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Picture 5. Kernicterus. Neuronal ch
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Airway obstruction Complete obstruc
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MEDICATION Section 7 of 11 In addit
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Drug Category: Sedatives -- Maximiz
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Transfer: • Although stabilizatio
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • A
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occurs even later (ie, during days
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• Delivery room management of inf
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MISCELLANEOUS Section 7 of 9 Medica
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Necrotizing Enterocolitis Last Upda
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Race: Some studies indicate higher
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o With abdominal ultrasonography, a
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o Stage IB � Diagnosis is the sam
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Pregnancy C - Safety for use during
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Drug Name Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
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Pediatric Dose Contraindications In
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• Short-gut syndrome o This is a
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Picture 5. Necrotizing enterocoliti
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Neonatal Hypertension Last Updated:
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o Although BP readings obtained usi
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Other Problems to be Considered: Re
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as nitroprusside, that may make it
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Surgical Care: Surgery is rarely in
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decrease in cardiac output; triazol
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Contraindications Documented hypers
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• Flynn JT: Neonatal hypertension
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Neonatal Resuscitation Last Updated
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Fetal pulmonary physiology The feta
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Flow studies have revealed that rel
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Table 2. Equipment for Neonatal Res
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Airway management Once the infant i
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Cardiovascular support and chest co
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Once the appropriate functional res
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Premature infants are also at high
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Because secretions or oral feedings
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The team should be led and organize
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Intubation and suctioning for mecon
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Neonatal Sepsis Last Updated: June
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The fetus has some preimmune immuno
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when chorioamnionitis accompanies t
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weeks of infection, the proportion
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cultures, clinicians may elect to c
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o The clinician may require differe
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Precautions Drug Name Pediatric Dos
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Pregnancy B - Usually safe but bene
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MISCELLANEOUS Section 9 of 11 Medic
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Neural Tube Defects in the Neonatal
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An experienced pediatrician or surg
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EPIDEMIOLOGY Section 3 of 11 Severa
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ETIOLOGY Section 5 of 11 Over the l
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AFP concentration in the maternal s
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separated his patients into 3 diffe
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Head ultrasound can be performed du
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OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS OF CHILDREN W
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Picture 2. Neural tube defects in t
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Picture 8. Neural tube defects in t
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• Sutton LN, Adzick NS, Bilaniuk
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Pathophysiology: • The umbilical
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• Omphalitis also may be the init
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• Supportive care: In addition to
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Drug Name Clindamycin (Cleocin) --
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multiple organisms) that lead direc
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• McKenna H, Johnson D: Bacteria
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Several processes combine to form t
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Frequency: • In the US: Combined
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• Polyhydramnios suggests fetal i
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aby with a giant omphalocele or in
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Prognosis: without extensively unde
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Picture 3. Omphalocele and gastrosc
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Picture 11. Omphalocele and gastros
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Picture 20.Omphalocele and gastrosc
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Perinatal Drug Abuse and Neonatal D
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Race: • The difficulty in assessi
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ehavioral and cognitive changes. Ma
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• All medically treated newborns
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Drug Category: Barbiturates -- Alth
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• Cognitive and developmental def
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Perioperative Pain Management in Ne
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The relative potency of each volati
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Opioid administration remains the m
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Use a short beveled needle to minim
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• Lerman J, Robinson S, Willis MM
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Pathophysiology: Site of origin The
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Pathogenesis of sequelae The major
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• Hypertension or beat-to-beat va
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Interactions suspected necrotizing
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PICTURES Section 10 of 11 Picture 1
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Picture 8. Periventricular hemorrha
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• Roberts JR: Drug therapy in inf
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Following the initial insult, wheth
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Picture 6. Cranial CT scan, axial i
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Polycythemia of the Newborn Last Up
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Causes: • Increased fetal erythro
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FOLLOW-UP Section 7 of 9 Further In
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Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios
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Causes: umbilical artery, gastroint
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TREATMENT Section 5 of 9 Medical Ca
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Prognosis: • Polyhydramnios o If
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Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema La
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compared to 39 of 169 among infants
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• Selective main bronchial intuba
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• Other considerations o Avoid us
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• Gaylord MS, Quissell BJ, Lair M
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The components of pulmonary surfact
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WORKUP Section 5 of 11 Lab Studies:
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in infants who respond poorly or ar
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intensive care setting, and be anxi
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Table 6. Meta-Analysis of Clinical
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose of acute a
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The postnatal use of surfactant the
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Picture 5. A schematic diagram of t
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Retinopathy of Prematurity Last Upd
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• Examination recommendations Oth
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Picture 5. Retinopathy of prematuri
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• Raju TN, Langenberg P, Bhutani
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• Contractility is a semiquantita
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• Uncompensated o During uncompen
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mL/kg of volume expansion should re
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MEDICATION Section 7 of 10 Drug Cat
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Drug Name cyanide toxicity; sodium
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Pregnancy Precautions Drug Name fur
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Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 11 Pneum
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Gentamicin
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Transport of the Critically Ill New
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Communications To initiate the tran
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Table 1. Advantages and disadvantag
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Table 2. A comparison of the advant
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Flight team personnel also are affe
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PICTURES Section 10 of 11 Picture 1
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Anemia of Prematurity - Portal Neonatal

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