Anemia of Prematurity - Portal Neonatal

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Content 1. Anemia of Prematurity.................................................................................04 2. Apnea of Prematurity...................................................................................13 3. Assisted Ventilation of the Newborn..........................................................28 4. Birth Trauma.................................................................................................41 5. Bowel Obstruction in the Newborn............................................................48 6. Breast Milk Jaundice...................................................................................63 7. Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia....................................................................69 8. Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia...............................................................93 9. Counseling the Breastfeeding Mother......................................................106 10. Ethical Issues in Neonatal Care.................................................................117 11. Extremely Low Birth Weight Infant............................................................126 12. Fluid, Electrolyte, and Nutrition Management..........................................137 13. Hemolytic Disease of Newborn..................................................................149 14. Hemorrhagic Disease of Newborn.............................................................162 15. Human Milk and Lactation..........................................................................167 16. Hydrops Fetalis...........................................................................................177 17. Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy .......................................................... 208 18. Infant of Diabetic Mother............................................................................ 222 19. Jaundice, Neonatal......................................................................................238 20. Kernicterus................................................................................................... 255 21. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome................................................................272 22. Multiple Births ..............................................................................................284 23. Necrotizing Enterocolitis.............................................................................291
24. Neonatal Hypertension...............................................................................311 25. Neonatal Resuscitation...............................................................................328 26. Neonatal Sepsis...........................................................................................351 27. Neural Tube Defects in the Neonatal Period.............................................369 28. Omphalitis ....................................................................................................390 29. Omphalocele and Gastroschisis................................................................402 30. Perioperative Pain Management in Newborns..........................................430 31. Perinatal Drug Abuse and Neonatal Drug Withdrawal.............................419 32. Periventricular Hemorrhage-Intraventricular hemorrhage......................439 33. Periventricular Leukomalacia.....................................................................454 34. Polycythemia of the Newborn.....................................................................460 35. Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios.....................................................467 36. Pulmonary Intertitial Emphysema..............................................................474 37. Respiratory Distress Syndrome.................................................................484 38. Retinopathy of Prematury...........................................................................501 39. Shock and Hypotension in the Newborn...................................................510 40. Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn........................................................523 41. Transport of the Critically Ill Newborn.......................................................529
Page 1: e.medecine NEONATOLOGY 2006
Page 5 and 6: Although EPO is not the only erythr
Page 7 and 8: Causes: • AOP results from a comb
Page 9 and 10: • Reducing the number of donor ex
Page 11 and 12: FOLLOW-UP Section 8 of 10 Further O
Page 13 and 14: Apnea of Prematurity Last Updated:
Page 15 and 16: The primary problem for premature n
Page 17 and 18: pressure. Bradycardia may begin wit
Page 19 and 20: TREATMENT Section 6 of 11 Medical C
Page 21 and 22: Drug Name Doxapram (Dopram) -- Stim
Page 23 and 24: Prognosis: • The natural history
Page 25 and 26: o Despite the number of premature i
Page 27 and 28: BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • B
Page 29 and 30: Tidal volume is the volume of gas i
Page 31 and 32: 5 time constants. The resulting tim
Page 33 and 34: Once the diagnosis of RDS is establ
Page 35 and 36: PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-BASED VENTILATORY S
Page 37 and 38: High-frequency ventilation:High-fre
Page 39 and 40: Picture 2. Determinants of oxygenat
Page 41 and 42: Birth Trauma Last Updated: August 4
Page 43 and 44: The extent of hemorrhage may be sev
Page 45 and 46: CRANIAL NERVE AND SPINAL CORD INJUR
Page 47 and 48: unpredictable unavoidable complicat
Page 49 and 50: Bowel Obstruction in the Newborn La
Page 51 and 52: The prenatal diagnosis of a bowel o
Page 53 and 54:
demonstrate the normal fixation pat
Page 55 and 56:
Other causes of proximal bowel obst
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Hirschsprung disease Hirschsprung d
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POSTOPERATIVE CARE FOLLOWING SURGER
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Picture 4. Bowel obstruction in the
Page 63 and 64:
Breast Milk Jaundice Last Updated:
Page 65 and 66:
DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 9 Anemia
Page 67 and 68:
Consultations: Diet: • Consider c
Page 69 and 70:
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Last Upd
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CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: B
Page 73 and 74:
of BPD and in the need for continue
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Physical: • Infants with BPD have
Page 77 and 78:
discomfort. Many new synchronized v
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treat acute bronchospasm; however,
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• Excessive glucose loads may inc
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Interactions Beta-adrenergic blocke
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Drug Category: Pulmonary vasodilato
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MISCELLANEOUS Section 9 of 11 Medic
Page 89 and 90:
• Frank L, Groseclose E: Oxygen t
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• Northway WH Jr: Bronchopulmonar
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Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Las
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 10 Aspir
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o Inhaled nitric oxide may be used
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Contraindi
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Vecuronium
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Prognosis: • Pulmonary recovery:
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• O'Toole SJ, Irish MS, Holm BA:
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This article reviews the mechanics
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Positioning the infant Positioning
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stress and fatigue in both parents
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As the mother's milk supply is esta
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Engorgement Engorgement is a common
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Ethical Issues in Neonatal Care Las
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GOALS OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE Se
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Other guidelines of ethical import
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In some situations, tragic situatio
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 8 of 8 • AAP
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CLINICAL FEATURES Section 4 of 7 Th
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Comparisons of the nutrient content
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Indomethacin is used prophylactical
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FOLLOW-UP CARE Section 5 of 7 Nearl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 7 of 7 • Bha
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Fluid, Electrolyte, and Nutrition M
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Clinical evaluation • Weight fact
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o Hypernatremia is defined as a ser
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intake from protein is included in
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Energy ENTERAL NUTRITION MANAGEMENT
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growth and bone mineral content has
Page 149 and 150:
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn Last U
Page 151 and 152:
CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: W
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• Serologic tests Imaging Studies
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IVT in 1981. With ultrasonographic
Page 157 and 158:
status (eg, watching for hypoglycem
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� The mechanism by which unconjug
Page 161 and 162:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • B
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Race: No racial predilection exists
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Phytonadio
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Human Milk and Lactation Last Updat
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LACTATION Section 5 of 11 Two essen
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IMMUNOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF HUMAN MIL
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Picture 3. Human milk and lactation
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• Isaacs CE, Thormar H: The role
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Hydrops Fetalis Last Updated: June
Page 179 and 180:
Also of note is a computer simulati
Page 181 and 182:
Physical: The presence of any of th
Page 183 and 184:
o Once disorders of hemoglobin alph
Page 185 and 186:
Structural anomalies Table 2. Cardi
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o B19V o Cytomegalovirus (CMV) o Sy
Page 189 and 190:
o Sjögren syndrome A (uncertain in
Page 191 and 192:
most commonly thrombocytopenia, is
Page 193 and 194:
Lab Studies: WORKUP Section 5 of 10
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o Karyotyping is always indicated i
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TREATMENT Section 6 of 10 Medical C
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• Space-occupying masses, which i
Page 201 and 202:
of antidiabetic agents and antagoni
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Drug Name Sotalol (Betapace) -- Rec
Page 205 and 206:
• Cowan RH, Waldo AL, Harris HB:
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• Silverman NH, Schmidt KG: Ventr
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At the cellular level, neuronal inj
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o Disturbances of ocular motion, su
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 10 Methy
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TREATMENT Section 6 of 10 Medical C
Page 217 and 218:
Interactions Benzodiazepines, cimet
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o Allopurinol: Slight improvements
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• Patel J, Edwards AD: Prediction
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Increased insulin levels stimulate
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irth; symptoms may include jitterin
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speculated to be secondary to incre
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Procedures: o Clinical features of
Page 231 and 232:
• Cardiac management o If signs o
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Pediatric Dose Contraindications In
Page 235 and 236:
FOLLOW-UP Section 8 of 10 Further O
Page 237 and 238:
Page 239 and 240:
limiting step in the process, relea
Page 241 and 242:
History: CLINICAL Section 3 of 11
Page 243 and 244:
Page 245 and 246:
at equilibrium conditions, the isom
Page 247 and 248:
• A number of guidelines for the
Page 249 and 250:
Exchange transfusion Exchange trans
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FOLLOW-UP Section 8 of 11 Further I
Page 253 and 254:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • A
Page 255 and 256:
Kernicterus Last Updated: November
Page 257 and 258:
CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: A
Page 259 and 260:
o Extravasated blood: Significant a
Page 261 and 262:
milk intake because of reduced mamm
Page 263 and 264:
department and must be heavily seda
Page 265 and 266:
Diet: Depending on the degree of ne
Page 267 and 268:
Transfer: The recently reported cas
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Prognosis: The spectrum of neurolog
Page 271 and 272:
Picture 5. Kernicterus. Neuronal ch
Page 273 and 274:
Airway obstruction Complete obstruc
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Page 277 and 278:
MEDICATION Section 7 of 11 In addit
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Drug Category: Sedatives -- Maximiz
Page 281 and 282:
Transfer: • Although stabilizatio
Page 283 and 284:
BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • A
Page 285 and 286:
occurs even later (ie, during days
Page 287 and 288:
• Delivery room management of inf
Page 289 and 290:
MISCELLANEOUS Section 7 of 9 Medica
Page 291 and 292:
Necrotizing Enterocolitis Last Upda
Page 293 and 294:
Race: Some studies indicate higher
Page 295 and 296:
Page 297 and 298:
o With abdominal ultrasonography, a
Page 299 and 300:
o Stage IB � Diagnosis is the sam
Page 301 and 302:
Pregnancy C - Safety for use during
Page 303 and 304:
Drug Name Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Page 305 and 306:
Pediatric Dose Contraindications In
Page 307 and 308:
• Short-gut syndrome o This is a
Page 309 and 310:
Picture 5. Necrotizing enterocoliti
Page 311 and 312:
Neonatal Hypertension Last Updated:
Page 313 and 314:
o Although BP readings obtained usi
Page 315 and 316:
Other Problems to be Considered: Re
Page 317 and 318:
as nitroprusside, that may make it
Page 319 and 320:
Surgical Care: Surgery is rarely in
Page 321 and 322:
decrease in cardiac output; triazol
Page 323 and 324:
Contraindications Documented hypers
Page 325 and 326:
Page 327 and 328:
• Flynn JT: Neonatal hypertension
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Neonatal Resuscitation Last Updated
Page 331 and 332:
Fetal pulmonary physiology The feta
Page 333 and 334:
Flow studies have revealed that rel
Page 335 and 336:
Table 2. Equipment for Neonatal Res
Page 337 and 338:
Airway management Once the infant i
Page 339 and 340:
Cardiovascular support and chest co
Page 341 and 342:
Once the appropriate functional res
Page 343 and 344:
Premature infants are also at high
Page 345 and 346:
Because secretions or oral feedings
Page 347 and 348:
The team should be led and organize
Page 349 and 350:
Intubation and suctioning for mecon
Page 351 and 352:
Neonatal Sepsis Last Updated: June
Page 353 and 354:
The fetus has some preimmune immuno
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when chorioamnionitis accompanies t
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weeks of infection, the proportion
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cultures, clinicians may elect to c
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o The clinician may require differe
Page 363 and 364:
Precautions Drug Name Pediatric Dos
Page 365 and 366:
Pregnancy B - Usually safe but bene
Page 367 and 368:
Page 369 and 370:
Neural Tube Defects in the Neonatal
Page 371 and 372:
An experienced pediatrician or surg
Page 373 and 374:
EPIDEMIOLOGY Section 3 of 11 Severa
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ETIOLOGY Section 5 of 11 Over the l
Page 377 and 378:
AFP concentration in the maternal s
Page 379 and 380:
separated his patients into 3 diffe
Page 381 and 382:
Head ultrasound can be performed du
Page 383 and 384:
OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS OF CHILDREN W
Page 385 and 386:
Picture 2. Neural tube defects in t
Page 387 and 388:
Picture 8. Neural tube defects in t
Page 389 and 390:
• Sutton LN, Adzick NS, Bilaniuk
Page 391 and 392:
Pathophysiology: • The umbilical
Page 393 and 394:
• Omphalitis also may be the init
Page 395 and 396:
• Supportive care: In addition to
Page 397 and 398:
Drug Name Clindamycin (Cleocin) --
Page 399 and 400:
multiple organisms) that lead direc
Page 401 and 402:
• McKenna H, Johnson D: Bacteria
Page 403 and 404:
Several processes combine to form t
Page 405 and 406:
Frequency: • In the US: Combined
Page 407 and 408:
• Polyhydramnios suggests fetal i
Page 409 and 410:
aby with a giant omphalocele or in
Page 411 and 412:
Prognosis: without extensively unde
Page 413 and 414:
Picture 3. Omphalocele and gastrosc
Page 415 and 416:
Picture 11. Omphalocele and gastros
Page 417 and 418:
Picture 20.Omphalocele and gastrosc
Page 419 and 420:
Perinatal Drug Abuse and Neonatal D
Page 421 and 422:
Race: • The difficulty in assessi
Page 423 and 424:
ehavioral and cognitive changes. Ma
Page 425 and 426:
• All medically treated newborns
Page 427 and 428:
Drug Category: Barbiturates -- Alth
Page 429 and 430:
• Cognitive and developmental def
Page 431 and 432:
Perioperative Pain Management in Ne
Page 433 and 434:
The relative potency of each volati
Page 435 and 436:
Opioid administration remains the m
Page 437 and 438:
Use a short beveled needle to minim
Page 439 and 440:
• Lerman J, Robinson S, Willis MM
Page 441 and 442:
Pathophysiology: Site of origin The
Page 443 and 444:
Pathogenesis of sequelae The major
Page 445 and 446:
• Hypertension or beat-to-beat va
Page 447 and 448:
Interactions suspected necrotizing
Page 449 and 450:
PICTURES Section 10 of 11 Picture 1
Page 451 and 452:
Picture 8. Periventricular hemorrha
Page 453 and 454:
• Roberts JR: Drug therapy in inf
Page 455 and 456:
Following the initial insult, wheth
Page 457 and 458:
FOLLOW-UP Section 7 of 10 Further O
Page 459 and 460:
Picture 6. Cranial CT scan, axial i
Page 461 and 462:
Polycythemia of the Newborn Last Up
Page 463 and 464:
Causes: • Increased fetal erythro
Page 465 and 466:
FOLLOW-UP Section 7 of 9 Further In
Page 467 and 468:
Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios
Page 469 and 470:
Causes: umbilical artery, gastroint
Page 471 and 472:
TREATMENT Section 5 of 9 Medical Ca
Page 473 and 474:
Prognosis: • Polyhydramnios o If
Page 475 and 476:
Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema La
Page 477 and 478:
compared to 39 of 169 among infants
Page 479 and 480:
• Selective main bronchial intuba
Page 481 and 482:
• Other considerations o Avoid us
Page 483 and 484:
• Gaylord MS, Quissell BJ, Lair M
Page 485 and 486:
The components of pulmonary surfact
Page 487 and 488:
WORKUP Section 5 of 11 Lab Studies:
Page 489 and 490:
in infants who respond poorly or ar
Page 491 and 492:
intensive care setting, and be anxi
Page 493 and 494:
Table 6. Meta-Analysis of Clinical
Page 495 and 496:
Drug Name Pediatric Dose of acute a
Page 497 and 498:
The postnatal use of surfactant the
Page 499 and 500:
Picture 5. A schematic diagram of t
Page 501 and 502:
Retinopathy of Prematurity Last Upd
Page 503 and 504:
• Examination recommendations Oth
Page 505 and 506:
Page 507 and 508:
Picture 5. Retinopathy of prematuri
Page 509 and 510:
• Raju TN, Langenberg P, Bhutani
Page 511 and 512:
• Contractility is a semiquantita
Page 513 and 514:
• Uncompensated o During uncompen
Page 515 and 516:
mL/kg of volume expansion should re
Page 517 and 518:
MEDICATION Section 7 of 10 Drug Cat
Page 519 and 520:
Drug Name cyanide toxicity; sodium
Page 521 and 522:
Pregnancy Precautions Drug Name fur
Page 523 and 524:
Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
Page 525 and 526:
DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 11 Pneum
Page 527 and 528:
Drug Name Pediatric Dose Gentamicin
Page 529 and 530:
Transport of the Critically Ill New
Page 531 and 532:
Communications To initiate the tran
Page 533 and 534:
Table 1. Advantages and disadvantag
Page 535 and 536:
Table 2. A comparison of the advant
Page 537 and 538:
Flight team personnel also are affe
Page 539 and 540:
PICTURES Section 10 of 11 Picture 1
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