Anemia of Prematurity - Portal Neonatal

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PICTURES Section 10 of 10 Picture 1. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Pneumatosis intestinalis. Photo courtesy of Loren G Yamamoto, MD, MPH, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women & Children, University of Hawaii, with permission. Picture 2. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Pneumatosis intestinalis. Photo courtesy of Loren G Yamamoto, MD, MPH, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women & Children, University of Hawaii. Picture 3. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Pneumatosis intestinalis. Photo courtesy of Loren G Yamamoto, MD, MPH, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women & Children, University of Hawaii. Picture 4. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Pneumatosis intestinalis. Photo courtesy of Loren G Yamamoto, MD, MPH, Kapiolani Medical Center for Women & Children, University of Hawaii.
Picture 5. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Pneumoperitoneum. Photo courtesy of the Department of Pathology, Cornell University Medical College. Picture 6. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Resected portion of necrotic bowel. Picture 7. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Micrograph of mucosal section showing transmural necrosis. Photo courtesy of the Department of Pathology, Cornell University Medical College. Picture 8. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Normal (top) versus necrotic section of bowel. Picture 9. Necrotizing enterocolitis. Histologic section of mucosal wall demonstrating pneumatosis.
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e.medecine NEONATOLOGY 2006
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24. Neonatal Hypertension..........
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Although EPO is not the only erythr
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Causes: • AOP results from a comb
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• Reducing the number of donor ex
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FOLLOW-UP Section 8 of 10 Further O
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Apnea of Prematurity Last Updated:
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The primary problem for premature n
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pressure. Bradycardia may begin wit
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TREATMENT Section 6 of 11 Medical C
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Drug Name Doxapram (Dopram) -- Stim
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Prognosis: • The natural history
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o Despite the number of premature i
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • B
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Tidal volume is the volume of gas i
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5 time constants. The resulting tim
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Once the diagnosis of RDS is establ
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-BASED VENTILATORY S
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High-frequency ventilation:High-fre
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Picture 2. Determinants of oxygenat
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Birth Trauma Last Updated: August 4
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The extent of hemorrhage may be sev
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CRANIAL NERVE AND SPINAL CORD INJUR
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unpredictable unavoidable complicat
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Bowel Obstruction in the Newborn La
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The prenatal diagnosis of a bowel o
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demonstrate the normal fixation pat
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Other causes of proximal bowel obst
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Hirschsprung disease Hirschsprung d
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POSTOPERATIVE CARE FOLLOWING SURGER
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Picture 4. Bowel obstruction in the
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Breast Milk Jaundice Last Updated:
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 9 Anemia
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Consultations: Diet: • Consider c
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Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Last Upd
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CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: B
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of BPD and in the need for continue
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Physical: • Infants with BPD have
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discomfort. Many new synchronized v
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treat acute bronchospasm; however,
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• Excessive glucose loads may inc
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Interactions Beta-adrenergic blocke
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Drug Category: Pulmonary vasodilato
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MISCELLANEOUS Section 9 of 11 Medic
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• Frank L, Groseclose E: Oxygen t
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• Northway WH Jr: Bronchopulmonar
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Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Las
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 10 Aspir
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o Inhaled nitric oxide may be used
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Contraindi
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Vecuronium
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Prognosis: • Pulmonary recovery:
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• O'Toole SJ, Irish MS, Holm BA:
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This article reviews the mechanics
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Positioning the infant Positioning
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stress and fatigue in both parents
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As the mother's milk supply is esta
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Engorgement Engorgement is a common
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Ethical Issues in Neonatal Care Las
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GOALS OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE Se
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Other guidelines of ethical import
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In some situations, tragic situatio
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 8 of 8 • AAP
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CLINICAL FEATURES Section 4 of 7 Th
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Comparisons of the nutrient content
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Indomethacin is used prophylactical
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FOLLOW-UP CARE Section 5 of 7 Nearl
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 7 of 7 • Bha
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Fluid, Electrolyte, and Nutrition M
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Clinical evaluation • Weight fact
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o Hypernatremia is defined as a ser
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intake from protein is included in
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Energy ENTERAL NUTRITION MANAGEMENT
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growth and bone mineral content has
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Hemolytic Disease of Newborn Last U
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CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: W
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• Serologic tests Imaging Studies
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IVT in 1981. With ultrasonographic
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status (eg, watching for hypoglycem
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� The mechanism by which unconjug
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • B
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Race: No racial predilection exists
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Phytonadio
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Human Milk and Lactation Last Updat
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LACTATION Section 5 of 11 Two essen
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IMMUNOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF HUMAN MIL
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Picture 3. Human milk and lactation
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• Isaacs CE, Thormar H: The role
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Hydrops Fetalis Last Updated: June
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Also of note is a computer simulati
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Physical: The presence of any of th
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o Once disorders of hemoglobin alph
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Structural anomalies Table 2. Cardi
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o B19V o Cytomegalovirus (CMV) o Sy
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o Sjögren syndrome A (uncertain in
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most commonly thrombocytopenia, is
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Lab Studies: WORKUP Section 5 of 10
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o Karyotyping is always indicated i
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• Space-occupying masses, which i
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of antidiabetic agents and antagoni
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Drug Name Sotalol (Betapace) -- Rec
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• Cowan RH, Waldo AL, Harris HB:
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• Silverman NH, Schmidt KG: Ventr
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At the cellular level, neuronal inj
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o Disturbances of ocular motion, su
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 10 Methy
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Interactions Benzodiazepines, cimet
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o Allopurinol: Slight improvements
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• Patel J, Edwards AD: Prediction
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Increased insulin levels stimulate
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irth; symptoms may include jitterin
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speculated to be secondary to incre
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Procedures: o Clinical features of
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• Cardiac management o If signs o
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Pediatric Dose Contraindications In
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limiting step in the process, relea
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History: CLINICAL Section 3 of 11
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Lab Studies: WORKUP Section 5 of 11
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at equilibrium conditions, the isom
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• A number of guidelines for the
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Exchange transfusion Exchange trans
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FOLLOW-UP Section 8 of 11 Further I
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • A
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Kernicterus Last Updated: November
Page 257 and 258: CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: A
Page 259 and 260: o Extravasated blood: Significant a
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Page 263 and 264: department and must be heavily seda
Page 265 and 266: Diet: Depending on the degree of ne
Page 267 and 268: Transfer: The recently reported cas
Page 269 and 270: Prognosis: The spectrum of neurolog
Page 271 and 272: Picture 5. Kernicterus. Neuronal ch
Page 273 and 274: Airway obstruction Complete obstruc
Page 275 and 276: Lab Studies: WORKUP Section 5 of 11
Page 277 and 278: MEDICATION Section 7 of 11 In addit
Page 279 and 280: Drug Category: Sedatives -- Maximiz
Page 281 and 282: Transfer: • Although stabilizatio
Page 283 and 284: BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • A
Page 285 and 286: occurs even later (ie, during days
Page 287 and 288: • Delivery room management of inf
Page 289 and 290: MISCELLANEOUS Section 7 of 9 Medica
Page 291 and 292: Necrotizing Enterocolitis Last Upda
Page 293 and 294: Race: Some studies indicate higher
Page 295 and 296: Lab Studies: WORKUP Section 5 of 10
Page 297 and 298: o With abdominal ultrasonography, a
Page 299 and 300: o Stage IB � Diagnosis is the sam
Page 301 and 302: Pregnancy C - Safety for use during
Page 303 and 304: Drug Name Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
Page 305 and 306: Pediatric Dose Contraindications In
Page 307: • Short-gut syndrome o This is a
Page 311 and 312: Neonatal Hypertension Last Updated:
Page 313 and 314: o Although BP readings obtained usi
Page 315 and 316: Other Problems to be Considered: Re
Page 317 and 318: as nitroprusside, that may make it
Page 319 and 320: Surgical Care: Surgery is rarely in
Page 321 and 322: decrease in cardiac output; triazol
Page 323 and 324: Contraindications Documented hypers
Page 325 and 326: FOLLOW-UP Section 8 of 10 Further I
Page 327 and 328: • Flynn JT: Neonatal hypertension
Page 329 and 330: Neonatal Resuscitation Last Updated
Page 331 and 332: Fetal pulmonary physiology The feta
Page 333 and 334: Flow studies have revealed that rel
Page 335 and 336: Table 2. Equipment for Neonatal Res
Page 337 and 338: Airway management Once the infant i
Page 339 and 340: Cardiovascular support and chest co
Page 341 and 342: Once the appropriate functional res
Page 343 and 344: Premature infants are also at high
Page 345 and 346: Because secretions or oral feedings
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Page 351 and 352: Neonatal Sepsis Last Updated: June
Page 353 and 354: The fetus has some preimmune immuno
Page 355 and 356: when chorioamnionitis accompanies t
Page 357 and 358: weeks of infection, the proportion
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cultures, clinicians may elect to c
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o The clinician may require differe
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Precautions Drug Name Pediatric Dos
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Pregnancy B - Usually safe but bene
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Neural Tube Defects in the Neonatal
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An experienced pediatrician or surg
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EPIDEMIOLOGY Section 3 of 11 Severa
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ETIOLOGY Section 5 of 11 Over the l
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AFP concentration in the maternal s
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separated his patients into 3 diffe
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Head ultrasound can be performed du
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OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS OF CHILDREN W
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Picture 2. Neural tube defects in t
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Picture 8. Neural tube defects in t
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• Sutton LN, Adzick NS, Bilaniuk
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Pathophysiology: • The umbilical
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• Omphalitis also may be the init
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• Supportive care: In addition to
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Drug Name Clindamycin (Cleocin) --
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multiple organisms) that lead direc
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• McKenna H, Johnson D: Bacteria
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Several processes combine to form t
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Frequency: • In the US: Combined
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• Polyhydramnios suggests fetal i
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aby with a giant omphalocele or in
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Prognosis: without extensively unde
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Picture 3. Omphalocele and gastrosc
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Picture 11. Omphalocele and gastros
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Picture 20.Omphalocele and gastrosc
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Perinatal Drug Abuse and Neonatal D
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Race: • The difficulty in assessi
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ehavioral and cognitive changes. Ma
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• All medically treated newborns
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Drug Category: Barbiturates -- Alth
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• Cognitive and developmental def
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Perioperative Pain Management in Ne
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The relative potency of each volati
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Opioid administration remains the m
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Use a short beveled needle to minim
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• Lerman J, Robinson S, Willis MM
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Pathophysiology: Site of origin The
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Pathogenesis of sequelae The major
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• Hypertension or beat-to-beat va
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Interactions suspected necrotizing
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PICTURES Section 10 of 11 Picture 1
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Picture 8. Periventricular hemorrha
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• Roberts JR: Drug therapy in inf
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Following the initial insult, wheth
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Picture 6. Cranial CT scan, axial i
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Polycythemia of the Newborn Last Up
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Causes: • Increased fetal erythro
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FOLLOW-UP Section 7 of 9 Further In
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Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios
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Causes: umbilical artery, gastroint
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TREATMENT Section 5 of 9 Medical Ca
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Prognosis: • Polyhydramnios o If
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Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema La
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compared to 39 of 169 among infants
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• Selective main bronchial intuba
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• Other considerations o Avoid us
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• Gaylord MS, Quissell BJ, Lair M
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The components of pulmonary surfact
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WORKUP Section 5 of 11 Lab Studies:
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in infants who respond poorly or ar
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intensive care setting, and be anxi
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Table 6. Meta-Analysis of Clinical
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose of acute a
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The postnatal use of surfactant the
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Picture 5. A schematic diagram of t
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Retinopathy of Prematurity Last Upd
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• Examination recommendations Oth
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FOLLOW-UP Section 7 of 10 Further I
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Picture 5. Retinopathy of prematuri
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• Raju TN, Langenberg P, Bhutani
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• Contractility is a semiquantita
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• Uncompensated o During uncompen
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mL/kg of volume expansion should re
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MEDICATION Section 7 of 10 Drug Cat
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Drug Name cyanide toxicity; sodium
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Pregnancy Precautions Drug Name fur
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Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 11 Pneum
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Gentamicin
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Transport of the Critically Ill New
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Communications To initiate the tran
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Table 1. Advantages and disadvantag
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Table 2. A comparison of the advant
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Flight team personnel also are affe
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PICTURES Section 10 of 11 Picture 1
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Anemia of Prematurity - Portal Neonatal

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