Anemia of Prematurity - Portal Neonatal

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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • Anderson E, Clarke RB, Howell A: Estrogen responsiveness and control of normal human breast proliferation [see comments]. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1998 Jan; 3(1): 23- 35[Medline]. • Beaudry M, Dufour R, Marcoux S: Relation between infant feeding and infections during the first six months of life. J Pediatr 1995 Feb; 126(2): 191-7[Medline]. • Bines JE, Walker WA: Growth factors and the development of neonatal host defense. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991; 310: 31-9[Medline]. • Birch DG, Birch EE, Hoffman DR: Retinal development in very-low-birth-weight infants fed diets differing in omega-3 fatty acids. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1992 Jul; 33(8): 2365-76[Medline]. • Birch E, Birch D, Hoffman D: Breast-feeding and optimal visual development. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1993 Jan-Feb; 30(1): 33-8[Medline]. • Carlson SE, Werkman SH, Rhodes PG: Visual-acuity development in healthy preterm infants: effect of marine- oil supplementation. Am J Clin Nutr 1993 Jul; 58(1): 35-42[Medline]. • Crago SS, Prince SJ, Pretlow TG: Human colostral cells. I. Separation and characterization. Clin Exp Immunol 1979 Dec; 38(3): 585-97[Medline]. • Crawford MA, Doyle W, Drury P: n-6 and n-3 fatty acids during early human development. J Intern Med Suppl 1989; 225(731): 159-69[Medline]. • Crawford MA: The role of essential fatty acids in neural development: implications for perinatal nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr 1993 May; 57(5 Suppl): 703S-709S; discussion 709S-710S[Medline]. • Decsi T, Thiel I, Koletzko B: Essential fatty acids in full term infants fed breast milk or formula. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 1995 Jan; 72(1): F23-8[Medline]. • Duncan B, Ey J, Holberg CJ: Exclusive breast-feeding for at least 4 months protects against otitis media [see comments]. Pediatrics 1993 May; 91(5): 867-72[Medline]. • Farquharson J, Jamieson EC, Abbasi KA: Effect of diet on the fatty acid composition of the major phospholipids of infant cerebral cortex. Arch Dis Child 1995 Mar; 72(3): 198-203[Medline]. • Fendrick JL, Raafat AM, Haslam SZ: Mammary gland growth and development from the postnatal period to postmenopause: ovarian steroid receptor ontogeny and regulation in the mouse [see comments]. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 1998 Jan; 3(1): 7-22[Medline]. • Frawley LS, Porter TE: Milk factors as developmental regulators: the case for a mammotrope differentiating peptide. Endocrine` 1993; 1: 241-6. • Garofalo R, Chheda S, Mei F: Interleukin-10 in human milk. Pediatr Res 1995 Apr; 37(4 Pt 1): 444-9[Medline]. • Garofalo RP, Goldman AS: Expression of functional immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory factors in human milk. Clin Perinatol 1999 Jun; 26(2): 361-77[Medline]. • Goldman AS, Smith CW: Host resistance factors in human milk. J Pediatr 1973 Jun; 82(6): 1082-90[Medline]. • Goldman AS: The immune system of human milk: antimicrobial, antiinflammatory and immunomodulating properties. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1993 Aug; 12(8): 664-71[Medline]. • Grosvenor CE, Picciano MF, Baumrucker CR: Hormones and growth factors in milk. Endocr Rev 1993 Dec; 14(6): 710-28[Medline]. • Hamosh M, Peterson JA, Henderson TR: Protective function of human milk: the milk fat globule. Semin Perinatol 1999 Jun; 23(3): 242-9[Medline]. • Hamosh M: Enzymes in human milk. In: Jensen RG, ed. Handbook of Milk Composition. 1995: 388-427. • Hanson LA, Ahlstedt S, Andersson B: Protective factors in milk and the development of the immune system. Pediatrics 1985 Jan; 75(1 Pt 2): 172-6[Medline]. • Hartmann PE: Changes in the composition and yield of the mammary secretion of cows during the initiation of lactation. J Endocrinol 1973 Nov; 59(2): 231-47[Medline]. • Haslam SZ, Shyamala G: Effect of oestradiol on progesterone receptors in normal mammary glands and its relationship with lactation. Biochem J 1979 Jul 15; 182(1): 127-31[Medline]. • Haslam SZ, Shyamala G: Progesterone receptors in normal mammary glands of mice: characterization and relationship to development. Endocrinology 1979 Sep; 105(3): 786- 95[Medline]. • Howie PW, Forsyth JS, Ogston SA: Protective effect of breast feeding against infection. BMJ 1990 Jan 6; 300(6716): 11-6[Medline].
• Isaacs CE, Thormar H: The role of milk-derived antimicrobial lipids as antiviral and antibacterial agents. Adv Exp Med Biol 1991; 310: 159-65[Medline]. • Jensen RG, Blanc B, Patton S: Particulate constituents in human and bovine milks. In: Jensen RG, ed. Handbook of Milk Composition. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, CA: 1995. • Jensen RG, Ferris AM, Lammi-Keefe CJ: Lipids in human milk and infant formulas. Annu Rev Nutr 1992; 12: 417-41[Medline]. • Jensen RG, Ferris AM, Lammi-Keefe CJ: Human milk as a carrier of messages to the nursing infant. Nutrition Today 1988; 6: 20-5. • Keenan TW, Patton S: The structure of milk: Implications for sampling and storage. In: Jensen RG, ed. Handbook of Milk Composition. 1995: 5-50. • Knishkowy B, Palti H, Adler B: Effect of otitis media on development: a community-based study. Early Hum Dev 1991 Aug-Sep; 26(2): 101-11[Medline]. • Koldovsky O, Strbak V: Hormones and growth factors in human milk. In: Jensen RG, ed. Handbook of Milk Compostion. 1995: 428-36. • Koletzko B: Fats for brains. Eur J Clin Nutr 1992 Jun; 46 Suppl 1: S51-62[Medline]. • Koletzko B, Braun M: Arachidonic acid and early human growth: is there a relation? Ann Nutr Metab 1991; 35(3): 128-31[Medline]. • Kuhn NF: Lactogenesis: The search for the trigger mechanism in different species. In Peaker M, ed. Comparative Aspects of Lactation. 1977: 165. • Kunz C, Rodriguez-Palmero M, Koletzko B: Nutritional and biochemical properties of human milk, Part I: General aspects, proteins, and carbohydrates. Clin Perinatol 1999 Jun; 26(2): 307- 33[Medline]. • Lawrence R, Lawrence RM: Breastfeeding. In: A Guide for the Medical Profession. St. Louis, MO: Mosby-Year Book, Inc.; 1999. • Lucas A: Programming not metabolic imprinting [letter; comment]. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 Feb; 71(2): 602[Medline]. • Makrides M, Simmer K, Goggin M: Erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid correlates with the visual response of healthy, term infants. Pediatr Res 1993 Apr; 33(4 Pt 1): 425-7[Medline]. • Martinez M: Tissue levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids during early human development. J Pediatr 1992 Apr; 120(4 Pt 2): S129-38[Medline]. • Morley R, Lucas A: Influence of early diet on outcome in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1994 Dec; 405: 123-6[Medline]. • Neville MC: Volume and caloric density of human milk. In: Jensen RG (ed). Handbook of milk composition. 1995: 63. • Neville MC: Physiology of lactation. Clin Perinatol 1999 Jun; 26(2): 251-79, v[Medline]. • Paxson CL Jr, Cress CC: Survival of human milk leukocytes. J Pediatr 1979 Jan; 94(1): 61- 4[Medline]. • Peaker M, Neville MC: Hormones in milk: chemical signals to the offspring? [editorial]. J Endocrinol 1991 Oct; 131(1): 1-3[Medline]. • Pearlman WH: Hormones and tissue growth factors in milk: evolutionary implications. Endocr Regul 1991 Jun; 25(1-2): 4-9[Medline]. • Pechoux C, Clezardin P, Dante R: Localization of thrombospondin, CD36 and CD51 during prenatal development of the human mammary gland. Differentiation 1994 Aug; 57(2): 133- 41[Medline]. • Riordan J, Auerbach KG: Breastfeeding and human lactation. Boston, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers; 1993. • Rivas RA, el-Mohandes AA, Katona IM: Mononuclear phagocytic cells in human milk: HLA-DR and Fc gamma R ligand expression. Biol Neonate 1994; 66(4): 195-204[Medline]. • Rodriguez-Palmero M, Koletzko B, Kunz C: Nutritional and biochemical properties of human milk: II. Lipids, micronutrients, and bioactive factors. Clin Perinatol 1999 Jun; 26(2): 335- 59[Medline]. • Rubin DH, Leventhal JM, Krasilnikoff PA: Relationship between infant feeding and infectious illness: a prospective study of infants during the first year of life [see comments]. Pediatrics 1990 Apr; 85(4): 464-71[Medline]. • Ruuska T, Vesikari T: A prospective study of acute diarrhoea in Finnish children from birth to 2 1/2 years of age. Acta Paediatr Scand 1991 May; 80(5): 500-7[Medline]. • Ruuska T: Occurrence of acute diarrhea in atopic and nonatopic infants: the role of prolonged breast-feeding. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1992 Jan; 14(1): 27-33[Medline].
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e.medecine NEONATOLOGY 2006
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24. Neonatal Hypertension..........
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Although EPO is not the only erythr
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Causes: • AOP results from a comb
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• Reducing the number of donor ex
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FOLLOW-UP Section 8 of 10 Further O
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Apnea of Prematurity Last Updated:
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The primary problem for premature n
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pressure. Bradycardia may begin wit
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TREATMENT Section 6 of 11 Medical C
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Drug Name Doxapram (Dopram) -- Stim
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Prognosis: • The natural history
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o Despite the number of premature i
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • B
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Tidal volume is the volume of gas i
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5 time constants. The resulting tim
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Once the diagnosis of RDS is establ
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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-BASED VENTILATORY S
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High-frequency ventilation:High-fre
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Picture 2. Determinants of oxygenat
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Birth Trauma Last Updated: August 4
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The extent of hemorrhage may be sev
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CRANIAL NERVE AND SPINAL CORD INJUR
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unpredictable unavoidable complicat
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Bowel Obstruction in the Newborn La
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The prenatal diagnosis of a bowel o
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demonstrate the normal fixation pat
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Other causes of proximal bowel obst
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Hirschsprung disease Hirschsprung d
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POSTOPERATIVE CARE FOLLOWING SURGER
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Picture 4. Bowel obstruction in the
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Breast Milk Jaundice Last Updated:
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 9 Anemia
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Consultations: Diet: • Consider c
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Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia Last Upd
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CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: B
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of BPD and in the need for continue
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Physical: • Infants with BPD have
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discomfort. Many new synchronized v
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treat acute bronchospasm; however,
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• Excessive glucose loads may inc
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Interactions Beta-adrenergic blocke
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Drug Category: Pulmonary vasodilato
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MISCELLANEOUS Section 9 of 11 Medic
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• Frank L, Groseclose E: Oxygen t
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• Northway WH Jr: Bronchopulmonar
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Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia Las
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 10 Aspir
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o Inhaled nitric oxide may be used
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Contraindi
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Vecuronium
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Prognosis: • Pulmonary recovery:
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• O'Toole SJ, Irish MS, Holm BA:
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This article reviews the mechanics
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Positioning the infant Positioning
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stress and fatigue in both parents
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As the mother's milk supply is esta
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Engorgement Engorgement is a common
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Ethical Issues in Neonatal Care Las
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GOALS OF NEONATAL INTENSIVE CARE Se
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Other guidelines of ethical import
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Page 125 and 126: BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 8 of 8 • AAP
Page 127 and 128: CLINICAL FEATURES Section 4 of 7 Th
Page 129 and 130: Comparisons of the nutrient content
Page 131 and 132: Indomethacin is used prophylactical
Page 133 and 134: FOLLOW-UP CARE Section 5 of 7 Nearl
Page 135 and 136: BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 7 of 7 • Bha
Page 137 and 138: Fluid, Electrolyte, and Nutrition M
Page 139 and 140: Clinical evaluation • Weight fact
Page 141 and 142: o Hypernatremia is defined as a ser
Page 143 and 144: intake from protein is included in
Page 145 and 146: Energy ENTERAL NUTRITION MANAGEMENT
Page 147 and 148: growth and bone mineral content has
Page 149 and 150: Hemolytic Disease of Newborn Last U
Page 151 and 152: CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: W
Page 153 and 154: • Serologic tests Imaging Studies
Page 155 and 156: IVT in 1981. With ultrasonographic
Page 157 and 158: status (eg, watching for hypoglycem
Page 159 and 160: � The mechanism by which unconjug
Page 161 and 162: BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • B
Page 163 and 164: Race: No racial predilection exists
Page 165 and 166: Drug Name Pediatric Dose Phytonadio
Page 167 and 168: Human Milk and Lactation Last Updat
Page 169 and 170: LACTATION Section 5 of 11 Two essen
Page 171 and 172: IMMUNOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF HUMAN MIL
Page 173: Picture 3. Human milk and lactation
Page 177 and 178: Hydrops Fetalis Last Updated: June
Page 179 and 180: Also of note is a computer simulati
Page 181 and 182: Physical: The presence of any of th
Page 183 and 184: o Once disorders of hemoglobin alph
Page 185 and 186: Structural anomalies Table 2. Cardi
Page 187 and 188: o B19V o Cytomegalovirus (CMV) o Sy
Page 189 and 190: o Sjögren syndrome A (uncertain in
Page 191 and 192: most commonly thrombocytopenia, is
Page 193 and 194: Lab Studies: WORKUP Section 5 of 10
Page 195 and 196: o Karyotyping is always indicated i
Page 197 and 198: TREATMENT Section 6 of 10 Medical C
Page 199 and 200: • Space-occupying masses, which i
Page 201 and 202: of antidiabetic agents and antagoni
Page 203 and 204: Drug Name Sotalol (Betapace) -- Rec
Page 205 and 206: • Cowan RH, Waldo AL, Harris HB:
Page 207 and 208: • Silverman NH, Schmidt KG: Ventr
Page 209 and 210: At the cellular level, neuronal inj
Page 211 and 212: o Disturbances of ocular motion, su
Page 213 and 214: DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 10 Methy
Page 215 and 216: TREATMENT Section 6 of 10 Medical C
Page 217 and 218: Interactions Benzodiazepines, cimet
Page 219 and 220: o Allopurinol: Slight improvements
Page 221 and 222: • Patel J, Edwards AD: Prediction
Page 223 and 224: Increased insulin levels stimulate
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irth; symptoms may include jitterin
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speculated to be secondary to incre
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Procedures: o Clinical features of
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• Cardiac management o If signs o
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Pediatric Dose Contraindications In
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limiting step in the process, relea
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History: CLINICAL Section 3 of 11
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Lab Studies: WORKUP Section 5 of 11
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at equilibrium conditions, the isom
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• A number of guidelines for the
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Exchange transfusion Exchange trans
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FOLLOW-UP Section 8 of 11 Further I
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • A
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Kernicterus Last Updated: November
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CLINICAL Section 3 of 11 History: A
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o Extravasated blood: Significant a
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milk intake because of reduced mamm
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department and must be heavily seda
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Diet: Depending on the degree of ne
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Transfer: The recently reported cas
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Prognosis: The spectrum of neurolog
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Picture 5. Kernicterus. Neuronal ch
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Airway obstruction Complete obstruc
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MEDICATION Section 7 of 11 In addit
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Drug Category: Sedatives -- Maximiz
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Transfer: • Although stabilizatio
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BIBLIOGRAPHY Section 11 of 11 • A
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occurs even later (ie, during days
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• Delivery room management of inf
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MISCELLANEOUS Section 7 of 9 Medica
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Necrotizing Enterocolitis Last Upda
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Race: Some studies indicate higher
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o With abdominal ultrasonography, a
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o Stage IB � Diagnosis is the sam
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Pregnancy C - Safety for use during
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Drug Name Epinephrine (Adrenaline)
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Pediatric Dose Contraindications In
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• Short-gut syndrome o This is a
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Picture 5. Necrotizing enterocoliti
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Neonatal Hypertension Last Updated:
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o Although BP readings obtained usi
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Other Problems to be Considered: Re
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as nitroprusside, that may make it
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Surgical Care: Surgery is rarely in
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decrease in cardiac output; triazol
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Contraindications Documented hypers
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• Flynn JT: Neonatal hypertension
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Neonatal Resuscitation Last Updated
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Fetal pulmonary physiology The feta
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Flow studies have revealed that rel
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Table 2. Equipment for Neonatal Res
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Airway management Once the infant i
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Cardiovascular support and chest co
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Once the appropriate functional res
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Premature infants are also at high
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Because secretions or oral feedings
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The team should be led and organize
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Intubation and suctioning for mecon
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Neonatal Sepsis Last Updated: June
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The fetus has some preimmune immuno
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when chorioamnionitis accompanies t
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weeks of infection, the proportion
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cultures, clinicians may elect to c
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o The clinician may require differe
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Precautions Drug Name Pediatric Dos
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Pregnancy B - Usually safe but bene
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Neural Tube Defects in the Neonatal
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An experienced pediatrician or surg
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EPIDEMIOLOGY Section 3 of 11 Severa
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ETIOLOGY Section 5 of 11 Over the l
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AFP concentration in the maternal s
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separated his patients into 3 diffe
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Head ultrasound can be performed du
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OUTCOME AND PROGNOSIS OF CHILDREN W
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Picture 2. Neural tube defects in t
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Picture 8. Neural tube defects in t
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• Sutton LN, Adzick NS, Bilaniuk
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Pathophysiology: • The umbilical
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• Omphalitis also may be the init
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• Supportive care: In addition to
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Drug Name Clindamycin (Cleocin) --
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multiple organisms) that lead direc
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• McKenna H, Johnson D: Bacteria
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Several processes combine to form t
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Frequency: • In the US: Combined
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• Polyhydramnios suggests fetal i
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aby with a giant omphalocele or in
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Prognosis: without extensively unde
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Picture 3. Omphalocele and gastrosc
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Picture 11. Omphalocele and gastros
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Picture 20.Omphalocele and gastrosc
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Perinatal Drug Abuse and Neonatal D
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Race: • The difficulty in assessi
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ehavioral and cognitive changes. Ma
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• All medically treated newborns
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Drug Category: Barbiturates -- Alth
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• Cognitive and developmental def
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Perioperative Pain Management in Ne
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The relative potency of each volati
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Opioid administration remains the m
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Use a short beveled needle to minim
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• Lerman J, Robinson S, Willis MM
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Pathophysiology: Site of origin The
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Pathogenesis of sequelae The major
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• Hypertension or beat-to-beat va
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Interactions suspected necrotizing
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PICTURES Section 10 of 11 Picture 1
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Picture 8. Periventricular hemorrha
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• Roberts JR: Drug therapy in inf
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Following the initial insult, wheth
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Picture 6. Cranial CT scan, axial i
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Polycythemia of the Newborn Last Up
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Causes: • Increased fetal erythro
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FOLLOW-UP Section 7 of 9 Further In
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Polyhydramnios and Oligohydramnios
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Causes: umbilical artery, gastroint
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TREATMENT Section 5 of 9 Medical Ca
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Prognosis: • Polyhydramnios o If
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Pulmonary Interstitial Emphysema La
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compared to 39 of 169 among infants
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• Selective main bronchial intuba
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• Other considerations o Avoid us
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• Gaylord MS, Quissell BJ, Lair M
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The components of pulmonary surfact
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WORKUP Section 5 of 11 Lab Studies:
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in infants who respond poorly or ar
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intensive care setting, and be anxi
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Table 6. Meta-Analysis of Clinical
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose of acute a
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The postnatal use of surfactant the
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Picture 5. A schematic diagram of t
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Retinopathy of Prematurity Last Upd
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• Examination recommendations Oth
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Picture 5. Retinopathy of prematuri
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• Raju TN, Langenberg P, Bhutani
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• Contractility is a semiquantita
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• Uncompensated o During uncompen
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mL/kg of volume expansion should re
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MEDICATION Section 7 of 10 Drug Cat
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Drug Name cyanide toxicity; sodium
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Pregnancy Precautions Drug Name fur
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Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn
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DIFFERENTIALS Section 4 of 11 Pneum
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Drug Name Pediatric Dose Gentamicin
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Transport of the Critically Ill New
Page 531 and 532:
Communications To initiate the tran
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Table 1. Advantages and disadvantag
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Table 2. A comparison of the advant
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Flight team personnel also are affe
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PICTURES Section 10 of 11 Picture 1
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Anemia of Prematurity - Portal Neonatal

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