Anemia of Prematurity - Portal Neonatal

• Prima gravida
• Cephalopelvic disproportion, small maternal stature, maternal pelvic anomalies
• Prolonged or rapid labor
• Deep transverse arrest of descent of presenting part of the fetus
• Oligohydramnios
• Abnormal presentation (breech)
• Use of midcavity forceps or vacuum extraction
• Versions and extractions
• Very low birth weight infant or extreme prematurity
• Fetal macrosomia
• Large fetal head
• Fetal anomalies
INJURIES WITH FAVORABLE LONG-TERM PROGNOSIS Section 3 of 10
• Soft tissue
o Abrasions
o Erythema petechia
o Ecchymosis
o Lacerations
o Subcutaneous fat necrosis
• Skull
o Caput succedaneum
o Cephalhematoma
o Linear fractures
• Face
o Subconjunctival hemorrhage
o Retinal hemorrhage
• Musculoskeletal injuries
o Clavicular fractures
o Fractures of long bones
o Sternocleidomastoid injury
• Intra-abdominal injuries
o Liver hematoma
o Splenic hematoma
o Adrenal hemorrhage
o Renal hemorrhage
• Peripheral nerve
o Facial palsy
o Unilateral vocal cord paralysis
o Radial nerve palsy
o Lumbosacral plexus injury
SOFT TISSUE INJURY Section 4 of 10
Soft tissue injury is associated with fetal monitoring, particularly with fetal scalp blood sampling for pH
or fetal scalp electrode for fetal heart monitoring, which has a low incidence of hemorrhage, infection,
or abscess at the site of sampling.
Cephalhematoma
Cephalhematoma is a subperiosteal collection of blood secondary to rupture of blood vessels
between the skull and the periosteum; suture lines delineate its extent. Most commonly parietal,
cephalhematoma may occasionally be observed over the occipital bone.