NEAFC 31st Annual Conference.pdf - New England Association of ...

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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CHIEFS 465 CONGRESS STREET NOYES & CHAPMAN EDk,VARD D. NOYES - LAWRENCE D. CHAPMAN MORSE, PAYSON & NOYES AND ANDERSON, ADAMS COl 57 EXCHANGE STREET . Insurance -_ Cable - Mopano - Portland, Maine , PORTLAND, MAINE "PORTLAND 6, MAINE GRON.DIN SALES & SE,RVIGE 11 TEMPLE STREET _ Authorized Frigidaire Dealer ¯ ARMAND "SHORTY" GRONDIN ~ PORTLAND 5, MAINE Phone: Dial 2-9556 - Portland Bangor CUTLER & CUTLER, Inc. Electrical Construction SHEPARD H. CUTLER 186 FEDERAL ST. " Dial 2-4957 PORTLAND, MAINE Office and Sales: 52 FREE ST: Tel. 2-3706 E. S. BOULOS ¢0. Electrical Engineers and Contractors Construction Dept.: 21 CENTER ST. PORTLAND, MAINE CHARLES H. GAILEY~Phone 4-3461 CLIFFORD H. GAlLEY--Phone 4-1906 C. H. GALLEY l SON Mason Contractors Office: 6431/2 Forest Avenue--Phone 2-5606 Shop and Yard: t2 Irving Street--Phone 4-3461 PORTLAND MAINE 90
NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE, CHIEFS In a 16 tt line operating at 750 psig the bursting pressure for each lineal foot is 72 tons..As the only force in opposition to this bursting are the two sidewalls of or even less in thickness, it is easy to see why ruptures have occurred due to even relatively minor changes in pipe stress. These have been attribut£d to a myriad of causes including ~basic failure of the pipe or welds~ corrosion, electrolysis, traffic vibration, earth tremors, nearby .blasting, washouts, land settlements, floods, erosion, mechanical damage to the pipe, etc. Since the sheer strength of steel is very much less than its bursting strength, there is a great likelihood that even a slight rupture will tear into a long horizontal break at the instant =o.f rupture. In one outstanding example at King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, such a:~ea~:extended for so.me 3,150 feet until finally stopped by the construction at a railroad underpass.. The thirty-inch pipe involved was ripped into ribbons, as though by giant pinking shears, and spewed all over the right-of-way, with sizable pieces even locgmg in the tops of trees.. In the case of a simple rupture, where ignition does. not occur, the hazard is usually limited to the danger of being struck by the pipe, pipe fragments, rocks, or other debris. In one instance, on the occasion of a break in Northern Connecticut, a housewife described a veritable rain of rock and stones around her home, some 750 feet from the pipe line. Unsuccessful attempts have been made to require transmission companies to exclude rocks and large stones from backfill; the companies being in opposition because, among c,ther reasons, such heavy fil! he_lps to hold the pipe down in the event of a rising water table.. After the initial blast damage, the obvious"danger of a rupture is the ever-present. one of ignition. Since the Unitedi States Bureau-~-f- M~nes has determined that ignition of a natural gas-air mixture occurs with static sparks of 2/10 of a millijoule, with this being 1,000 times less energy than that liberated by-the combustion of the smalleit particle of coal that can be weighed on a sensitive analytidal balance, it is safe to assume that nearly all major high pressure pipeline rupture will be followed by fire. At least this assumption should be used as a bagis .for the complete evacuation of the area of a leak, and of keeping even. firemen and other emergency workers at a safe distance at all times. Anyond whb has ever been singed by the puff of a gas oven that was a little too full of gas-air mixtures when lighted, will know that "safe distance" does not mean adjacent to the column of escaping gas. Moreover, in anticipating ignition it is well to remember that a small stone striking the pipe or debris may be all that is needed. Under ordinary conditions existing i-n ho~es=xnd ih-industry, it is difficult to insure the complete absence of such sources of ignition as, open flames, static sparks, inductive sparks, electric arcs, hot wires, compression, shock, friction, heated surfaces, and hot flying particles. As distinguished from a rupture even though the same may be, and usually is, followed by fire, an explosion consists of the actual chemical : combination of gas and oxygen, usually under relatively close confinement. If a combustible gas is added continuousiy to a given quantity of air the concer~trationof the gas increases and eventually :’eaches a value known as the lower limit of flammability. Gas-air mixtures whose concentrations are below the lower limit of flammability are not flammable. With further ~ontinued addition of combustible gas, a second value, known as the upper limit of flammability, is reached. Gas-air mixtures whose cor~c~’~trktions, a-re- Xbove the upper limit of flammability are not flammable. Mixtures whose concentrations~._lie:_-b_etNe_en
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MAXIM MOTOR COMPANY ESTABLISHED 188
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CHI
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CFI
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