NEAFC 31st Annual Conference.pdf - New England Association of ...

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DOVER NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CHIEFS MAYBURY SHOE COMPANY Manufacturers of Flexible Feminine Footwear .. Boston Office: 179 LINCOLN STREET Phones: HAncock 6-7840, 6-7841 Phones: Rochester 654, 660 100 SOUTH MAIN STREET, ROCHESTER, N. H. Comp ime, ts MILLER’HERMER, INC. Makers of Smart Footwear for IVomen FRIENDLY BANKS OF NEW HAMPSHIRE PORTSMOUTH NEW HAMPSHIRE THE T. S. PECK INSURANCE AGENCY Insurance and Real Estate ¯ J. E. TRAILL, President- ~/. JOHN NEWCOMB,.Vice-President E. LLOYD GILLETTE,- Treasurer - ANNAEVANS TRAIL, Secretary Establishe~ 18~9- Incorporated 1912 162 COLLEGE STREET BURLINGTON, VERMONT g~
NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CI-IIEFS the lower and upper limits Xre flammable; i.e., flame can propagate through the mixture indefinitely once ignited. At atmospheric pressures the Buread-6f Mines finds that natural gas-air is flammablewhen the gas percentage~li~s 15etwe’en’ 4.~% and 14.2%; but at the higher pressures of ~00 psig while the lower limit remains substantially the same, the mixture continues to ,be flammable until the gas in the mixture comprises 44.2 % .of the total. Thus gas under the high pressure of transmission lines has a wider range of flammability than low pressure gas.- The gaseous products formed by explosion of combustible gas-air mixtures near t..heir upper limit contain, large amounts of co.mbustible hydrogen and carbon monoxide: Adidition of air to these combustible products of the initial explosion can form a second explosive mixture, which may be ignited by even small fires resulting from the first explosion, to thus cause-a second explosion: The gaseous products formed by explosion of combustible gas-air mixtures near the lower limit consist chiefly of noncombustible carbon dioxide, water, and unused air. Addition of air to these products canno,t form a secondary explosion. In gauging the .force of a natural gas explosion, it has been estimated that every 2~ feet of a 30 tt pipe line contains combustion energy equivalent to the explosive energy of a ~00 pound bomb. The Texas .City disaster involved an,~ex.plosion of about 2000 tons of ammonium nitrate. Calculations show that every 4~ miles of such a pipe line contains combustiofi ~nergy equivalent to the explosion energy of the Texas City disaster. " : Technically, true explosions are possible only when the pipe contains a mixture of gas and air in the flammable range; such as normally occurs only when the line is initially placed ir~ service c.r after a shutdown. However, for all practical pu~:poses, the distinction between a rupture and an explosion is largely academic, since the results after the first flash are substantially the same. It is important to note that even a small gas leak can supply enough energy to .the air to result in a small local explosion. As a result of~.such a small explosion or progressive failure in a pipe due to a previously undetected accident, considerable explosive mixture at high pressure can be ejected into the air. In addition to inducing further failure, a leak of any size thus represents a danger in the sense that it provides a readily available explosive mixture which can then initiate a very violent explosion in the event of a subsequent more pronounced! failure. Once ignited, the high pressure of natural gas lines, as fed by the large volume of gas contained between shutoff valves insures a sustained fire of great magnitude. In this State the standard minimum distance between shutoff valves is eight miles: Even if the valves at both sides, of a break are shut off at the instant of a break, and this has its own-serious hazards as will be described, an 8 mile line, 16" in diameter and at 7~0 psig pressure contains 2,800,000 cubic feet of gas, all but ~6,600 cubic feet of which must burn or otherwise escape before the broken section is reduced to atmospheric pressure. Furthermore, as a combustible mixture may contain as little as 4.~ % of gas, the actual amount of gaseous mixture involvedl in the conflagration will approximate 62,000,000 cu’bic feet. Virtually the only way to combat a natural gas fire or serious leak is to shut off the flow on both sides of the break. Even where it might be possible to extinguish the flame, the hazard of large quantities of gas escaping into the atmosphere usually makes it advisable to let it burn regardless of the amount of damage which it may be doing. This is especially true where the major amount of real damage has been completed 95’
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MAXIM MOTOR COMPANY ESTABLISHED 188
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ADVERTISERS INDEX... Clark l~Ietal
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ADVERTISERS INDEX... ~£ontpelier D
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CHI
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CFI
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF I~IEE CH
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NEW EN’GLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE
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NEW EN~LAND ASSOCIATION OF I~IRE CH
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NEW EN’GLAND ASSOCIATION 0F FIRE
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N]~W ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CH
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF ~IRE CHI
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NEW ENC~LAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CH
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NEW ENGLAND A, ssOCIATION OF ~IRE C
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF I~IRE CH
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NEW EN’GLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE
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NEW ENGLAND A,SSOCIATION OF FIRE CH
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION, OF I~IRE C
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NEW I~;NGLAND ASSOCIATION O1: FIRE
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NEW ENGLAND A, SSOCIATION OF FIRE C
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE ,CH
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE ,CH
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE C:H
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NEW ENGI~AND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CH
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATI.0N OF FIRE CH
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¯ NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF I~IRE C,
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702 NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIAT_ION OF FIRE CH
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NEW ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FII%E CH
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................. ~NEW ENGLAND ~.SS
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NEW ENGLAND A,S’SOCIATION ~OF FIR
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NEW ENGLAND A,SS0CIATION OF FIRE CH
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NEW IENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CH
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NEW ~ ENGLAND’!,ASSOCIATION% OF:F
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ASSOCIATION OF FIRE OI-IIEF~ TOTAL
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N~W ENGLAND ASSOCIATION OF FIRE CHI
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NEW E~N’GLANY) ASSOCIATION OF FIR
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DON’T OVERLOOK THE CONNECTING LIN
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