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276 Neck and back pain – spinal spondylitic syndromes 8. van Tulder MW, Scholten RJ, Koes BW, et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for low back pain: a systematic review within the framework of the Cochrane Collaboration Back Review Group. Spine. 2000;25(19):2501–2513. 9. Caldwell JR, Hale ME, Boyd RE, et al. Treatment of osteoarthritis pain with controlled release oxycodone or fixed combination oxycodone plus acetaminophen added to nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a double blind, randomized, multicenter, placebo controlled trial. J Rheumatol. 1999;26 (4):862–869. 10. Kalso E, Edwards JE, Moore RA, et al. Opioids in chronic non-cancer pain: systematic review of efficacy and safety. Pain. 2004;112(3):372–380. 11. American Geriatrics Society Panel on Persistent Pain in Older Persons. The management of persistent pain in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2002;50(6 Suppl):S205–S224. 12. Borenstein DG, Korn S. Efficacy of a low-dose regimen of cyclobenzaprine hydrochloride in acute skeletal muscle spasm: results of two placebocontrolled trials. Clin Ther. 2003;25(4):1056–1073. 13. Childers MK, Borenstein D, Brown RL, et al. Low-dose cyclobenzaprine versus combination therapy with ibuprofen for acute neck or back pain with muscle spasm: a randomized trial. Curr Med Res Opin. 2005;21(9):1485–1493. 14. Browning R, Jackson JL, O’Malley PG. Cyclobenzaprine and back pain: a meta-analysis. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161(13):1613–1620. 15. Atkinson JH, Slater MA, Williams RA, et al. A placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial of nortriptyline for chronic low back pain. Pain.1998;76(3):287–296. 16. Pheasant H, Bursk A, Goldfarb J, et al. Amitriptyline and chronic low-back pain. A randomized double-blind crossover study. Spine. 1983; 8(5):552–557. 17. Sist TC, Filadora VA, 2nd, Miner M, et al. Experience with gabapentin for neuropathic pain in the head and neck: report of ten cases. Reg Anesth. 1997;22(5):473–478. 18. Morello CM, Leckband SG, Stoner CP, et al. Randomized double-blind study comparing the efficacy of gabapentin with amitriptyline on diabetic peripheral neuropathy pain. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159(16): 1931–1937. 19. Maroon JC, Bost JW. Omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil) as an anti-inflammatory: an alternative to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for discogenic pain. Surg Neurol. 2006;65(4):326–331.
Neuropathy – complex regional pain syndrome DAVID CLINE n Agents n Bisphosphonates n Calcitonin n Gabapentin n Corticosteroids n Evidence This chapter covers both types (1 and 2) of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Although the discussion follows the common practice of discussing CRPS type 1 (reflex sympathetic dystrophy, RSD) in the context of neuropathy, it should be noted that RSD is not technically neuropathic since there is no nerve lesion. CRPS type 2, also known as causalgia, is a true neuropathy. Of all of the types of neuropathic pain, CRPS (either type) is the most resistant to pharmacotherapy. Even traditionally endorsed approaches such as sympathetic blockade are found poorly efficacious in Cochrane review. 1 In fact, RCT evidence does not conclusively confirm utility for any agent for CRPS. 2,3 For CRPS type 2, two trials of IV infusion of bisphosphonates find that pain may be reduced by alendronate (7.5 mg IV daily) or clodronate (300 mg IV daily). 4,5 Evidence addressing IN calcitonin use for CRPS is inconsistent but suggests a possible role for this approach in some patients. The hormone can also be administered IV, SC, or IM; some protocols for neuropathic pain involve administering 200 IU IV over 20 min, followed by a second infusion if pain relief is incomplete. For CRPS type 1, meta-analysis of 21 RCTs, acknowledging limitations in available data, concluded that IN calcitonin (administered in a dose of 200 IU) is the only therapy warranting endorsement. 6 For CRPS type 2, administration of 400 IU calcitonin IN was found 277
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Emergency Department Analgesia An E
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Contents List of contributors page
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Tension-type headache 384 Trigemina
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Michel Galinski, MD Attending Physi
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Benjamin A. White, MD Resident, Har
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xiv Foreword code to light up the p
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xvi Foreword The authors of the boo
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Preface A typical shift in the Emer
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Acknowledgments Many thanks to this
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General considerations
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4 Introduction and general approach
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10 Assessment of pain CATHERINE A.
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12 Assessment of pain n Pain assess
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14 Assessment of pain The Face, Leg
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16 Assessment of pain 3. Silka P, R
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18 Assessment of pain 33. Melzack R
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20 Prehospital analgesia and protoc
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22 Prehospital analgesia prehospita
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24 Prehospital analgesia care provi
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26 Prehospital analgesia EMS settin
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28 Prehospital analgesia 18. Kurtz
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30 Prehospital analgesia 48. Helm M
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32 Epidemiologic overview of ED pai
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42 Geriatric analgesia ULA HWANG AN
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44 Geriatric analgesia physiologic
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46 Geriatric analgesia Analgesic ap
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48 Geriatric analgesia The common e
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50 Geriatric analgesia 12. Hohl C,
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52 Chronic pain DAVID CLINE AND STE
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54 Chronic pain care providers, it
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56 Chronic pain the agent’s monoa
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58 Chronic pain be in the ED record
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60 Chronic pain 7. Freynhagen R, Bu
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62 NSAIDs and opioids applicable sa
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64 NSAIDs and opioids We believe th
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66 NSAIDs and opioids well-demonstr
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68 NSAIDs and opioids 5. Navascues
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70 Nonstandard medication delivery
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78 Reflections on ED analgesia of u
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80 Reflections on ED analgesia para
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82 Reflections on ED analgesia chem
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Chief complaints and diagnoses
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88 Abdominal aortic aneurysm occurs
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90 Abdominal aortic aneurysm 19. Le
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92 Aortic dissection Citing sedativ
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94 Arthritis TODD M. LISTWA AND STE
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96 Arthritis NSAIDs may be safer th
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98 Arthritis for patients with high
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100 Arthritis rofecoxib, ordiclofen
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102 Arthritis For breakthrough pain
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104 Arthritis Pediatric: NSAID (e.g
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106 Arthritis 13. Hur C, Chan AT, T
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108 Arthritis 38. Curtis SP, Ko AT,
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110 Arthritis 63. Bliddal H, Tersle
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112 Biliary tract pain A retrospect
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114 Biliary tract pain n Summary an
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116 Biliary tract pain 20. Malesci
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118 Bites and stings - marine enven
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120 Bites and stings - marine jelly
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122 Bites and stings - marine 11. C
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124 Bites and stings - terrestrial
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134 Breast pain COX-2 selective NSA
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136 Breast pain Pregnancy: acetamin
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138 Burns JEREMY ACKERMAN AND ADAM
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140 Burns for moderate-to-severe bu
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142 Burns References 1. Singer AJM,
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144 Burns 30. Patterson DR, Ptacek
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146 Bursitis and periarticular infl
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152 Cancer and tumor pain bony (or
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154 Cancer and tumor pain (20 mg ev
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156 Cancer and tumor pain existing
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158 Cancer and tumor pain n Summary
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160 Cancer and tumor pain 21. Carac
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162 Cardiac chest pain KALANI OLMST
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164 Cardiac chest pain has traditio
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166 Cardiac chest pain Practice Gui
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168 Chest wall trauma MICHEL GALINS
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170 Chest wall trauma NSAIDs. As is
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172 Chest wall trauma n Summary and
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174 Chest wall trauma 21. Seltzer J
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176 Chronic low-back pain limited t
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178 Chronic low-back pain n Summary
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180 Cluster headache SOHAN PAREKH A
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182 Cluster headache n Summary and
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184 Corneal abrasion LISA CALDER n
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186 Corneal abrasion 6. Patrone G,
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188 Cystitis, urethritis, and prost
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194 Dysmenorrhea to that achieved w
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196 Dysmenorrhea 12. Fine PG. The r
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198 Endometriosis by 50-74% compare
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200 Esophageal spasm KALANI OLMSTED
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202 Esophageal spasm via central mo
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204 Fibromyalgia MICHAEL WALTA AND
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206 Fibromyalgia A multicenter plac
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208 Fibromyalgia n Summary and reco
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210 Fibromyalgia 15. Sayar K, Aksu
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212 Fibromyalgia 41. Russell IJ, Mi
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214 Gastritis and peptic ulcer dise
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Page 250 and 251: 226 Gastroesophageal reflux disease
Page 256 and 257: 232 Hemorrhoids and perianal pain B
Page 258 and 259: 234 Hemorrhoids and perianal pain a
Page 260 and 261: 236 Hemorrhoids and perianal pain t
Page 262 and 263: 238 Hemorrhoids and perianal pain C
Page 264 and 265: 240 Hemorrhoids and perianal pain 9
Page 266 and 267: 242 Hemorrhoids and perianal pain 3
Page 268 and 269: 244 Migraine and undifferentiated h
Page 278 and 279: 254 Mucositis and stomatitis KELLY
Page 280 and 281: 256 Mucositis and stomatitis eviden
Page 282 and 283: 258 Mucositis and stomatitis above)
Page 284 and 285: 260 Mucositis and stomatitis 5. Dem
Page 286 and 287: 262 Mucositis and stomatitis 30. Mu
Page 288 and 289: 264 Neck and back pain - mechanical
Page 290 and 291: 266 Neck and back pain - mechanical
Page 292 and 293: 268 Neck and back pain - radicular
Page 298 and 299: 274 Neck and back pain - spinal spo
Page 302 and 303: 278 Neuropathy - complex regional p
Page 304 and 305: 280 Neuropathy - diabetic DAVID CLI
Page 306 and 307: 282 Neuropathy - diabetic n Summary
Page 308 and 309: 284 Neuropathy - diabetic 16. Lesse
Page 310 and 311: 286 Neuropathy - HIV related 3600 m
Page 312 and 313: 288 Neuropathy - HIV related 12. Le
Page 314 and 315: 290 Neuropathy - overview OVER-THE-
Page 316 and 317: 292 Neuropathy - overview The TCAs,
Page 318 and 319: 294 Neuropathy - overview Gabapenti
Page 320 and 321: 296 Neuropathy - overview However,
Page 322 and 323: 298 Neuropathy - overview Reference
Page 324 and 325: 300 Neuropathy - overview 27. Wiffe
Page 326 and 327: 302 Neuropathy - phantom limb pain
Page 328 and 329: 304 Neuropathy - phantom limb pain
Page 330 and 331: 306 Ocular inflammation STEPHEN H.
Page 332 and 333: 308 Ocular inflammation Other RCT d
Page 334 and 335: 310 Ocular inflammation Pregnancy:
Page 336 and 337: 312 Ocular inflammation 20. Frucht-
Page 338 and 339: 314 Odontalgia MICHAEL T. SCHULTZ A
Page 340 and 341: 316 Odontalgia 100 mg caffeine and
Page 342 and 343: 318 Odontalgia TOPICAL THERAPY Topi
Page 344 and 345: 320 Odontalgia 4. Cooper SA, Engel
Page 346 and 347: 322 Odontalgia 32. Sveen OB, Yaekel
Page 348 and 349: 324 Orthopedic extremity trauma inf
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326 Orthopedic extremity trauma The
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328 Orthopedic extremity trauma fem
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330 Orthopedic extremity trauma 35.
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332 Osteoporotic vertebral compress
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334 Osteoporotic vertebral compress
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336 Otitis media and externa benefi
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338 Otitis media and externa 5. Var
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340 Pancreatitis (which lacks effec
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342 Pancreatitis 5. Hubbard GP, Wol
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344 Pharyngitis KELLY YOUNG n Agent
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346 Pharyngitis complete pain relie
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348 Pharyngitis 7. Blagden M, Chris
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350 Pharyngitis 31. Shi Y, Gu R, Li
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352 Postdural puncture headache Cas
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354 Post-herpetic neuralgia JEREMY
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356 Post-herpetic neuralgia virtual
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358 Post-herpetic neuralgia 11. Raj
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360 Renal colic scores. 3 The Cochr
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362 Renal colic References 1. O’C
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364 Sialolithiasis n Summary and re
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366 Sickle cell crisis concluded th
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368 Sickle cell crisis One potentia
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370 Sickle cell crisis titrated in
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372 Sickle cell crisis but acute ca
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374 Sickle cell crisis treatment ti
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376 Sickle cell crisis 3. Dunlop RJ
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378 Sickle cell crisis Disease-rela
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380 Temporomandibular disorders NAT
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382 Temporomandibular disorders n S
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384 Tension-type headache SOHAN PAR
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386 Tension-type headache for TH, b
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388 Tension-type headache 18. Lance
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390 Trigeminal neuralgia as the ini
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392 Undifferentiated abdominal pain
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Tables
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Selected nonsteroidal anti-inflamma
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Selected opioids Maintenance pediat
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Other analgesic drugs Lactation Dos
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Other analgesic drugs (cont.) Lacta
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Other analgesic drugs (cont.) Lacta
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