This Page Intentionally Left Blank - Int Medical

18 Assessment of pain
33. Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and scoring
methods. Pain. 1975;1:277–299.
34. Gagliese L, Weizblit W, Chan V. The measurement of postoperative pain: a
comparison of intensity scales in younger and older surgical patients. Pain.
2005;117:412–420.
35. Bieri D. The Faces Pain Scale for the self-assessment of the severity of pain
experienced by children: development, initial validation, and preliminary
investigation for the ratio scale properties. Pain. 1990;41:139–150.
36. Wong D, Baker C. Pain in children: comparison of assessment scales. Pediatr
Nurs. 1988;14:901–907.
37. Voepel-Lewis SMT, Shayevitz J, Malviya S. The FLACC: a behavioral scale for
scoring postoperative pain in young children. Pediatr Nurs. 1997;23:293–297.
38. Willis M, Merkel S, Voepel-Lewis T, et al. FLACC behavioral pain assessment
scale: a comparison with the child’s self-report. Pediatr Nurs. 2003;29:195–198.
39. Voelpel-Lewis T, Merkel S, Tait A. The reliability and validity of the FLACC
observational tool as a measure of pain in children with cognitive impairment.
Anesth Analg. 2002;95:1224–1229.
40. Ambuel B, Hamlett K, Marx C, et al. Assessing distress in pediatric intensive
care environments: the COMFORT scale. J Pediatr Psychol. 1992;17:95–109.
41. Tarbell S, Cohen I, Marsh J. The Toddler–Preschooler Postoperative Pain
Scale: an observational scale for measuring postoperative pain in children
aged 1–5. Pain. 1992;50:273–280.
42. Taylor L, Harris J, Epps C, et al. Psychometric evaluation of selected pain
intensity scales for use with cognitively impaired and cognitively intact older
adults. Rehab Nurs. 2005;30:55–61.
43. Warden V, Hurley A, Volicer L. Development and psychometric evaluation
of the Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia (PAINAD) Scale. JAMDA.
2003: 4(1) 9–15.