Music Therapy Today - World Federation of Music Therapy

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Fachner, J. (2006) ‘Set and setting’ in an electrophysiological research paradigm on music perception under the influence of cannabis and correlated brain function. Music Therapy Today (Online) Vol.VII (2) 333-374. available at http://musictherapyworld.net CANNABIS, ACOUSTICS AND AUDITORY PERCEPTION conceptions, “If you’ve been working on something for a few hours and you smoke a joint, it’s like hearing it again for the first time” (Boyd, 1992, p. 201). George Harrison would have agreed with him, “I think that pot definitely did something for the old ears, like suddenly I could hear more subtle things in the sound” (Boyd, 1992, p. 206). Not only musi- cians, but casual listeners also seem to be convinced that cannabis enhances auditory perception (Aldrich, 1944; C. Tart, 1971). Research on musical acoustics (Risset, 1978) considers four parameters: pitch, duration, loudness and timbre. In short, defined pitch differences form melody intervals and harmony patterns, duration is needed to iden- tify rhythm patterns and tone length, loudness and timbre form certain characteristics of instruments and sound sources. Are there results in past cannabis research that point to changes on these four basic parts of musical acoustics? Duration: Aldrich (1944) observed a small change on the Seashore- Rhythm-Scale, a result that was replicated with higher changes by Reed (1974). Music as a multi-dimensional auditory Zeitgestalt (Zuckerkandl, 1963) appears in time. Melges (1970, 1971) explained cannabis-induced effects on time perception as a speeding up of the internal clock that is experienced as time expansion (see C. Tart, 1971, p.89ff). Time expansion may temporarily allow an increased insight into the ‘space between the notes’ (Whiteley, 1992). This might help experienced individuals (Becker, 1953) to perceive acoustic sound structures more effectively. Loudness: Cannabis seemed to change metric units of auditory (intensity) perception in audiological tests. Caldwell (1969) reported changes on intensity thresholds. Globus (1978) suggested an intensity expansion Introduction 337
Fachner, J. (2006) ‘Set and setting’ in an electrophysiological research paradigm on music perception under the influence of cannabis and correlated brain function. Music Therapy Today (Online) Vol.VII (2) 333-374. available at http://musictherapyworld.net of the auditory measuring units as responsible for the experience of an enhanced intensity perception. Pitch: In the 1940s, Aldrich observed no changes in pitch discrimination after administering oral doses of Pyrahexyl, a synthetic cannabinoid. By choosing between two different pitches (de Souza et al., 1974), cannabis induced dose-related preferences for higher frequencies as a function of frequency. Higher frequencies represent the location of sound sources and the overtone spectrum of sounds. Martz (1972) investigated frequency thresholds and reported improved thresholds at 6000 Hz after cannabis intoxication. For a review on audiological tests, see Fachner (2000b, 2001). Timbre: Thaler (1973) and Fitzpatrick (1980) investigated speech discrimination rates after cannabis intoxication and reported significant changes on different sound levels, even with hearing-impaired subjects and similar results in a follow-up study. Subjects showed an increased speech perception rate at 10 dB SL and at 40 dB SL, even when tones were covered with noise. Another study (Lindenman, 1980) reported no improvements during speech perception tests. But results suggest that cerebral processing seems to be altered. A closer view on prosodic features may help to solve this gap. Rodin et al. (1970) reported a change of prosodic structure and a change to a “sing-song-type-pattern” of subjects” responses during his experiments. Tart reported that people “understand words of a song better” and that “quality of own voice changes” after cannabis consumption. Effects were statistically ranked as characteristic and common effects (C. Tart, 1971, p.75). It seems that cannabis has a stimulating effect on the perception and production of prosodic and suprasegmental parts of speech, which might have had an influence on developing certain slang, a personal Introduction 338
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Music Therapy Today a quarterly jou
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Guidelines Article Formatting No wo
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Table of contents Music Therapy Tod
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Music Therapy Today Vol. VII (2) (J
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Welcome to a new issue of „Music
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Del Campo, P. (2006) Instituto Mús
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Musical Healing http://www.abc.net.
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Infants can organise visual informa
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Infants can organise visual informa
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Nonconscious semantic processing of
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Brain Reader Part 1: Researchers ca
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Brain Reader Part 2: As we age, our
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Brain Reader Part 2: As we age, our
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Neurogenesis Not Needed for Environ
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Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, an
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Estrogen-dependent selectivity of g
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Power of Placebo In a new example o
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Stress, not "sick" building, may ma
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Stress, not "sick" building, may ma
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Cortex Matures Faster in Youth with
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Effects of Music Therapy and Counse
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Music fingerprinting system is fast
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Functional Imaging of Numerical Pro
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Music Therapy in New Orleans Music
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At Some Medical Schools, Humanities
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Neocortical Connectivity during Epi
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The mood of the Internet Researcher
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Sparse time-frequency representatio
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Why life oscillates - from a topogr
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Neurons in the orbitofrontal cortex
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Meditating Brains But the benefits
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Meditating Brains see if cognitive
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The GABAB1b Isoform Mediates Long-L
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Listening to music can reduce chron
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Music improves sleep quality in old
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Music Therapy Today - World Federation of Music Therapy

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