Global Burden of Armed Violence - The Geneva Declaration on ...

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160 Table 3.1 Selected post-conflict countries: 1995–2005 ................................................................................................................... 51 GLOBAL BURDEN <strong>of</strong> ARMED VIOLENCE Table 3.2 Approximate crude mortality rates (CMRs) in east and west DRC, 1999–2007 .............................. 52 Table 3.3 Typology <strong>of</strong> post-conflict armed violence ............................................................................................................................ 53 Table 3.4 Risk factors for youth violence ...................................................................................................................................................... 59 Table 4.1 National-level homicide trend analysis by subregion, 1998–2006 ............................................................. 77 Table 4.2 Female homicides for selected countries, 2005 .......................................................................................................... 80 Table 5.1 A typology for costing armed violence ................................................................................................................................... 93 Table 5.2 <strong>The</strong> social value <strong>of</strong> violence reduction in selected WHO regions, 1990s ............................................... 97 Table 5.3 Lost product due to violent deaths, USD million (2007) and % <strong>of</strong> GDP (2004) .................................................................................................................................................... 102 Table 5.4 Aggregate lost product due to violent deaths, selected countries, 2004 ........................................................................................................................................................................................... 102 Table 6.1 Comparison <strong>of</strong> maternal mortality and under-five mortality in 42 sub-Saharan countries .............................................................................................................................. 114 Table 6.2 Selected studies on costs <strong>of</strong> intimate partner violence and/or domestic violence ................................................................................................................................................................... 116 Table 7.1 Recorded cases <strong>of</strong> enforced or involuntary disappearances, selected countries, 2000–03 and 2004–07 ............................................................................................................................................ 135 Table 7.2 Kidnap for ransom cases by region, 1998–2002 ....................................................................................................... 137 Table 7.3 Kidnap for ransom cases by region, 2007 ......................................................................................................................... 137 Figures Figure 1 Categories <strong>of</strong> deaths .................................................................................................................................................................................... 3 Figure 1.1 Total direct conflict deaths by database, main armed conflicts, 2004–07 ......................................... 15 Figure 1.2 Estimates <strong>of</strong> the regional distribution <strong>of</strong> direct conflict deaths, 2004–07 ........................................ 17 Figure 1.3 Direct conflict deaths by armed conflict type, 2004–07 .................................................................................... 26
Figure 2.1 Typology <strong>of</strong> conflict mortality ...................................................................................................................................................... 33 Figure 2.2 Distribution <strong>of</strong> killings in Sierra Leone, 1991–2001 ............................................................................................... 44 Figure 3.1 Youth population growth rates and murder rates in the United States, 1950–2005 .......................................................................................................................................................................... 60 Figure 3.2 Number <strong>of</strong> DDR operations around the world, 1989–2008 ............................................................................. 63 Figure 4.1 Homicide rates per 100,000 population by region and subregion, 2004 ........................................... 71 Figure 4.2 Homicide and HDI: homicide rate per 100,000 population, 2004 ............................................................ 72 Figure 4.3 Percentage <strong>of</strong> homicides committed with a firearm for countries in eight subregions, 2004 or closest available year .......................................................................................... 75 Figure 4.4 Trends in intentional homicide in the Americas, Europe, and Central Asia and Trans caucasia, 1998–2006 ................................................................................................................................. 78 Figure 4.5 Homicide country rate per 100,000 population plotted against average % change in country homicide levels ..................................................................................................................... 79 Figure 4.6 Female homicide rates per 100,000 population, 2005 ....................................................................................... 81 Figure 4.7 World estimates for homicide rates per 100,000 population by age, 2004 .............................................................................................................................................................. 81 Figure 4.8 Median percentage <strong>of</strong> recorded homicide cases solved in 24 countries by subregion, 2005 ................................................................................................................................................. 83 Figure 4.9 Respondents saying it is possible to bribe a judge to get a reduced sentence in Central American countries (%), 2004 .................................................................................. 84 Figure 4.10 Ratio <strong>of</strong> homicide rates in major cities and rest <strong>of</strong> country, 2005 ......................................................... 86 Figure 5.1 Social value <strong>of</strong> violence reduction, % <strong>of</strong> GDP, selected countries, 1995 ............................................. 96 Figure 5.2 Potential gains in life expectancy (years) in the absence <strong>of</strong> violent deaths by region, 2004 ............................................................................................................................................... 102 Figure 5.3 Potential gains in life expectancy (years) in the absence <strong>of</strong> violent deaths, top 15 countries, 2004 ............................................................................................................................ 103 Figure 6.1 Percentage <strong>of</strong> surveyed women reporting on IPV, selected cases .......................................................... 118 Figure 6.2 Reported incidents <strong>of</strong> acid attacks in Bangladesh, May 1999–July 2008 ....................................... 121 161 L IS T OF ILLUS T R AT I O N S 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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G L O B A L www.genevadeclaration.o
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G L O B A L www.genevadeclaration.o
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Foreword Armed vio
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Contents Executive Summary ........
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About the Geneva <
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of direct conflict
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Executive Summary Armed</st
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Figure 1 captures graphically the d
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This report also finds that the aft
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��
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Chapter One Direct Conflict Death <
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approaches that featured cross-nati
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us, non-state and intercommunal arm
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niques and inclusion requirements (
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Figure 1.2 Estimates of</st
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North Africa Sudan 7,284 1,098 2,60
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Map 1.1 The GBAV c
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�� Increasing di
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Table 1.4 Estimated direct conflict
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Table 1.7 Direct conflict death rat
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accounts overwhelmingly for the glo
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Chapter Two The Ma
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Sexual violence in armed conflict a
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continued for six months due to the
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Table 2.1 Comparison of</st
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of sexual violence
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can be explained by the relatively
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Box 2.3 A very dark number: direct
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Photo Victims of v
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Table 2.5 Violent death estimates f
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Chapter Three Armed</strong
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ized by a clear victory of<
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On the basis of Ch
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illegal war economies, including th
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standards issued by UNHCR emphasize
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Table 3.4 Risk factors for youth vi
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Map 3.2 The youth
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Given the potential importance <str
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interventions based on identified n
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Chapter Four Lethal Encounters: Non
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violence in Mexico in 2007-08 (BBC,
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comparisons between regions <strong
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tively. The Caribb
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the homicide count is derived. None
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Table 4.1 National-level homicide t
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sistent increases during the time p
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Box 4.3 Sex, age, and armed violenc
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The police are sat
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American countries have similar tre
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evidence on the patterns and distri
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Chapter Five What’s in a Number?
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observe that war has negative effec
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Box 5.1 Accounting for the costs <s
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of conflict and co
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Table 5.2 The soci
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In Uganda, a protracted armed confl
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�� Lost product
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Figure 5.3 Potential gains in life
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playing a role in promoting an end
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16 Specifically, the health and yea
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Page 123 and 124: (Myrttinen, 2003, p. 38). T
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Page 127 and 128: go missing, or are killed. In such
Page 129 and 130: disaggregated data is still not ava
Page 131 and 132: Acts of sexual vio
Page 133 and 134: Dowry-related violence A dowry is t
Page 135 and 136: sex ratios reported at birth is pre
Page 137 and 138: Chapter Seven Other Forms o
Page 139 and 140: will likely emerge. Armed</
Page 141 and 142: Gangs in Central America Central Am
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Page 145 and 146: The absence <stron
Page 147 and 148: Table 7.1 Recorded cases of
Page 149 and 150: Figure 7.2 Kidnap for ransom cases
Page 151 and 152: armed violence, since, beyond the d
Page 153 and 154: Bibliography Executive Summary CNP
Page 155 and 156: Burr, M. 1993. A Working Document:
Page 157 and 158: Thieren, Michael. 2005. ‘Health I
Page 159 and 160: ——. 2008. Small Arms Survey 200
Page 161 and 162: Nations-Survey-on-Crime-Trends-and-
Page 163 and 164: ground Paper. Geneva</stron
Page 165 and 166: --. 2003. ‘Masculinities and Masc
Page 167 and 168: ights-and-wrongs-of</strong
Page 169 and 170: Boxes List of Illu
Page 171: Map 4.1 Homicide rates per 100,000
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