Global Burden of Armed Violence - The Geneva Declaration on ...

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GLOBAL BURDEN <strong>of</strong> ARMED VIOLENCE vi Chapter Five What’s in a Number? Estimating the Economic Costs <strong>of</strong> <strong>Armed</strong> <strong>Violence</strong> ............................................................................... 89 Approaches to costing armed violence ................................................................................................................................................... 91 Costing armed violence in a sample <strong>of</strong> countries ......................................................................................................................... 97 Estimating the global economic costs <strong>of</strong> non-conflict armed violence ................................................................. 99 Positive effects <strong>of</strong> armed violence? ........................................................................................................................................................ 102 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 105 Chapter Six <strong>Armed</strong> <strong>Violence</strong> Against Women ............................................................................................................ 109 <strong>The</strong> gender dimensions <strong>of</strong> armed violence ....................................................................................................................................... 110 <strong>Violence</strong> against women in conflict settings ................................................................................................................................... 112 Non-conflict violence against women .................................................................................................................................................... 115 Intimate partner violence ................................................................................................................................................................................... 117 Sexual violence .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 118 Honour killings ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 120 Dowry-related violence ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 121 Acid attacks ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 121 Female infanticide and sex-selective abortion ............................................................................................................................ 122 Conclusion ...................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 123 Chapter Seven Other Forms <strong>of</strong> <strong>Armed</strong> <strong>Violence</strong>: Making the Invisible Visible ..................................................................................................................................................... 125 <strong>Armed</strong> groups and gangs ................................................................................................................................................................................. 126 Extrajudicial killings, disappearances, and kidnapping ..................................................................................................... 130 <strong>Armed</strong> violence and aid workers ................................................................................................................................................................ 138 Conclusions ................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 139 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 141 List <strong>of</strong> Illustrations ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 157 Note to reader: Cross-references to other chapters are indicated in capital letters in parentheses. For example, ‘<strong>The</strong> number <strong>of</strong> battle deaths estimated in the preceding chapter for the DRC in the period 2004–07 is about 9,300 (DIRECT CONFLICT DEATH).’
About the <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> <strong>The</strong> <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> on <strong>Armed</strong> <strong>Violence</strong> and Development, endorsed by more than 90 states, commits signatories to supporting initiatives to measure the human, social, and economic costs <strong>of</strong> armed violence, to assess risks and vulnerabilities, to evaluate the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> armed violence reduction programmes, and to disseminate knowledge <strong>of</strong> best practices. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> calls upon states to achieve measurable reductions in the global burden <strong>of</strong> armed violence and tangible improvements in human security by 2015. Core group members <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> include Brazil, Guatemala, Finland, Indonesia, Kenya, Morocco, the Nether- lands, Norway, the Philippines, Spain, Switzer- land, Thailand, and the United Kingdom with support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). For more information about the <strong>Geneva</strong> Declara- tion, related activities, and publications, please visit www.genevadeclaration.org. vii A B O U T T H E GENE VA DECL A R AT I O N 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Page 5 and 6: Foreword Armed vio
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Page 11 and 12: of direct conflict
Page 13 and 14: Executive Summary Armed</st
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1 captures graphically the d
Page 17 and 18: This report also finds that the aft
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Page 21 and 22: Chapter One Direct Conflict Death <
Page 23 and 24: approaches that featured cross-nati
Page 25 and 26: us, non-state and intercommunal arm
Page 27 and 28: niques and inclusion requirements (
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.2 Estimates of</st
Page 31 and 32: North Africa Sudan 7,284 1,098 2,60
Page 33 and 34: Map 1.1 The GBAV c
Page 35 and 36: �� Increasing di
Page 37 and 38: Table 1.4 Estimated direct conflict
Page 39 and 40: Table 1.7 Direct conflict death rat
Page 41 and 42: accounts overwhelmingly for the glo
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Page 45 and 46: Sexual violence in armed conflict a
Page 47 and 48: continued for six months due to the
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.1 Comparison of</st
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Page 53 and 54: can be explained by the relatively
Page 55 and 56: Box 2.3 A very dark number: direct
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Table 2.5 Violent death estimates f
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Chapter Three Armed</strong
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ized by a clear victory of<
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On the basis of Ch
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illegal war economies, including th
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standards issued by UNHCR emphasize
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Table 3.4 Risk factors for youth vi
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Map 3.2 The youth
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Given the potential importance <str
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interventions based on identified n
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Chapter Four Lethal Encounters: Non
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violence in Mexico in 2007-08 (BBC,
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comparisons between regions <strong
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tively. The Caribb
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the homicide count is derived. None
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Table 4.1 National-level homicide t
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sistent increases during the time p
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Box 4.3 Sex, age, and armed violenc
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The police are sat
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American countries have similar tre
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evidence on the patterns and distri
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Chapter Five What’s in a Number?
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observe that war has negative effec
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Box 5.1 Accounting for the costs <s
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of conflict and co
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Table 5.2 The soci
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In Uganda, a protracted armed confl
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�� Lost product
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Figure 5.3 Potential gains in life
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playing a role in promoting an end
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16 Specifically, the health and yea
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Chapter Six Armed
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(Myrttinen, 2003, p. 38). T
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NATO Forces and The</strong
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go missing, or are killed. In such
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disaggregated data is still not ava
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Acts of sexual vio
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Dowry-related violence A dowry is t
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sex ratios reported at birth is pre
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Chapter Seven Other Forms o
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will likely emerge. Armed</
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Gangs in Central America Central Am
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��
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The absence <stron
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Table 7.1 Recorded cases of
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Figure 7.2 Kidnap for ransom cases
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armed violence, since, beyond the d
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Bibliography Executive Summary CNP
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Burr, M. 1993. A Working Document:
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Thieren, Michael. 2005. ‘Health I
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——. 2008. Small Arms Survey 200
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Nations-Survey-on-Crime-Trends-and-
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ground Paper. Geneva</stron
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--. 2003. ‘Masculinities and Masc
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ights-and-wrongs-of</strong
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Boxes List of Illu
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Map 4.1 Homicide rates per 100,000
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Figure 2.1 Typology of</str
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