Global Burden of Armed Violence - The Geneva Declaration on ...

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66 GLOBAL BURDEN <strong>of</strong> ARMED VIOLENCE seems also to be influencing Sri Lanka’s ongoing civil war and the changing parameters <strong>of</strong> Colombia’s insurgency. 13 <strong>The</strong>se are distinct from ‘vertical inequalities’, which are typically described as inequalities between individuals. 14 One study in Indonesia that compared two areas in Central Sulawesi Province with similar concentrations <strong>of</strong> Muslims and Christians and inequalities in household asset wealth demonstrated that only one experienced a serious outbreak <strong>of</strong> armed violence. A major difference between the two was that the difference in household wealth at the elite level was much sharper in one community than in the other (Diprose and Stewart, 2008). 15 See, for example, Monthly Deaths by Collective <strong>Violence</strong> from News Reports for a review <strong>of</strong> the way armed violence can persist after outbreaks <strong>of</strong> collective violence. 16 <strong>The</strong> ICC is currently prosecuting political leaders and leaders <strong>of</strong> armed groups in the DRC, Sudan, and Uganda. 17 <strong>The</strong>se six UN missions include: United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda (UNAMIR) in 1993, United Nations Assistance Mission in Sierra Leone (UNAMSIL) in 1999, the United Nations Mission in the Democratic Republic <strong>of</strong> Congo (MONUC) in 1999, the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) in 2003, the United Nations Operation in Burundi (UNOB) in 2004, and the United Nations Mission in the Sudan (UNMIS) in 2005. See UN Department <strong>of</strong> Peacekeeping Web site at . 18 See, for example, Muggah (2008). 19 See Muggah (2008) for a review <strong>of</strong> such interventions in Africa.
Chapter Four Lethal Encounters: Non-conflict <strong>Armed</strong> <strong>Violence</strong> By far the largest aspect <strong>of</strong> the global burden <strong>of</strong> armed violence is the deaths and injuries that occur in non-conflict or non-war settings. Countries such as South Africa, Jamaica, and El Salvador suffer from extremely high recorded levels <strong>of</strong> homicide, with more deaths each year than in many contemporary wars. This fact alone underlines the importance <strong>of</strong> adopting a more comprehensive approach to armed violence, since a narrow focus on conflict- related deaths by development donors and prac- titioners excludes the significant burden <strong>of</strong> armed violence that occurs in non-conflict settings. This chapter provides a regional and subregional breakdown <strong>of</strong> the global distribution <strong>of</strong> non- conflict violent deaths, both in absolute terms and as rates per 100,000 population. It also exam- ines the limited available trend data and provides information on the burden <strong>of</strong> violence in cities, firearm homicides, the gendered dimension <strong>of</strong> violent deaths, and the issue <strong>of</strong> the effectiveness <strong>of</strong> criminal justice systems. <strong>The</strong> main findings <strong>of</strong> this chapter are as follows: Approximately 490,000 deaths from homicide are estimated to have occurred in 2004. 1 <strong>The</strong> world average homicide rate in 2004 was 7.6 per 100,000 population. Southern Africa, Central America, and South America are the three subregions with the highest homicide rates. West and Central Europe, East Asia, and South-east Europe are the three subregions showing the lowest rates <strong>of</strong> homicide. 2 Approximately 60 per cent <strong>of</strong> all violent deaths are committed with firearms, with variation from a low <strong>of</strong> 19 per cent in West and Central Europe to a high <strong>of</strong> 77 per cent in Central America, based on data from 45 countries. In countries with high homicide rates, women make up around ten per cent <strong>of</strong> the victims. As homicide rates drop, women make up a greater percentage <strong>of</strong> victims, up to around 30 per cent in European countries. Available data is seldom, however, disaggregated by sex. Trend data shows few increases in homicide rates over the past decade. <strong>The</strong> majority <strong>of</strong> subregions examined show flat or slightly increasing or decreasing trends. <strong>The</strong>re is little evidence that armed violence has, at least at the subregional level, increased overall in the Americas, Europe, and Central Asia and Transcaucasia in recent years. Arriving at these findings is a complex and delicate exercise, and the chapter also explains some <strong>of</strong> the difficulties involved in measuring armed violence. Existing statistics and data-gathering mechanisms are underdeveloped, and greater investment in effective measurement <strong>of</strong> the burden <strong>of</strong> armed violence will be needed in order to develop a more accurate picture <strong>of</strong> its overall scope and impact. 3 67 NON- CO N F L I C T A R M E D V I O L E N C E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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G L O B A L www.genevadeclaration.o
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G L O B A L www.genevadeclaration.o
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Foreword Armed vio
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Contents Executive Summary ........
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About the Geneva <
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of direct conflict
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Executive Summary Armed</st
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Figure 1 captures graphically the d
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This report also finds that the aft
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��
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Chapter One Direct Conflict Death <
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approaches that featured cross-nati
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us, non-state and intercommunal arm
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Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.2 Estimates of</st
Page 31 and 32: North Africa Sudan 7,284 1,098 2,60
Page 33 and 34: Map 1.1 The GBAV c
Page 35 and 36: �� Increasing di
Page 37 and 38: Table 1.4 Estimated direct conflict
Page 39 and 40: Table 1.7 Direct conflict death rat
Page 41 and 42: accounts overwhelmingly for the glo
Page 43 and 44: Chapter Two The Ma
Page 45 and 46: Sexual violence in armed conflict a
Page 47 and 48: continued for six months due to the
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.1 Comparison of</st
Page 51 and 52: of sexual violence
Page 53 and 54: can be explained by the relatively
Page 55 and 56: Box 2.3 A very dark number: direct
Page 57 and 58: Photo Victims of v
Page 59 and 60: Table 2.5 Violent death estimates f
Page 61 and 62: Chapter Three Armed</strong
Page 63 and 64: ized by a clear victory of<
Page 65 and 66: On the basis of Ch
Page 67 and 68: illegal war economies, including th
Page 69 and 70: standards issued by UNHCR emphasize
Page 71 and 72: Table 3.4 Risk factors for youth vi
Page 73 and 74: Map 3.2 The youth
Page 75 and 76: Given the potential importance <str
Page 77: interventions based on identified n
Page 81 and 82: violence in Mexico in 2007-08 (BBC,
Page 83 and 84: comparisons between regions <strong
Page 85 and 86: tively. The Caribb
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Page 89 and 90: Table 4.1 National-level homicide t
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Page 93 and 94: Box 4.3 Sex, age, and armed violenc
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Page 101 and 102: Chapter Five What’s in a Number?
Page 103 and 104: observe that war has negative effec
Page 105 and 106: Box 5.1 Accounting for the costs <s
Page 107 and 108: of conflict and co
Page 109 and 110: Table 5.2 The soci
Page 111 and 112: In Uganda, a protracted armed confl
Page 113 and 114: �� Lost product
Page 115 and 116: Figure 5.3 Potential gains in life
Page 117 and 118: playing a role in promoting an end
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Page 121 and 122: Chapter Six Armed
Page 123 and 124: (Myrttinen, 2003, p. 38). T
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Page 127 and 128: go missing, or are killed. In such
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disaggregated data is still not ava
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Acts of sexual vio
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Dowry-related violence A dowry is t
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sex ratios reported at birth is pre
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Chapter Seven Other Forms o
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will likely emerge. Armed</
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Gangs in Central America Central Am
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��
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The absence <stron
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Table 7.1 Recorded cases of
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Figure 7.2 Kidnap for ransom cases
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armed violence, since, beyond the d
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Bibliography Executive Summary CNP
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Burr, M. 1993. A Working Document:
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Thieren, Michael. 2005. ‘Health I
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——. 2008. Small Arms Survey 200
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Nations-Survey-on-Crime-Trends-and-
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ground Paper. Geneva</stron
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--. 2003. ‘Masculinities and Masc
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ights-and-wrongs-of</strong
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Boxes List of Illu
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Map 4.1 Homicide rates per 100,000
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Figure 2.1 Typology of</str
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