Global Burden of Armed Violence - The Geneva Declaration on ...

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ii GLOBAL BURDEN <strong>of</strong> ARMED VIOLENCE Copyright Published in Switzerland by the <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> Secretariat © <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> Secretariat, <strong>Geneva</strong> 2008 First published in September 2008 All rights reserved. No part <strong>of</strong> this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> Secretariat, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope <strong>of</strong> the above should be sent to the Publications Manager at the address below. <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> Secretariat c/o Small Arms Survey 47 Avenue Blanc 1202 <strong>Geneva</strong> Switzerland Copy-edited by Michael James and Alex Potter Photo research by Alessandra Allen Cartography by Jillian Luff, MAPgrafix Pro<strong>of</strong>read by Donald Strachan Design and layout by Richard Jones, Exile: Design & Editorial Services (rick@studioexile.com). Typeset in Meta. Printed by Paul Green Printing in London, United Kingdom ISBN 978-2-8288-0101-4
Foreword <strong>Armed</strong> violence affects all societies to different degrees, whether they are at war, in a post-conflict situation, or suffering from everyday forms <strong>of</strong> criminal or political violence. <strong>Armed</strong> violence stunts human, social, and economic development and erodes the social capital <strong>of</strong> communities. <strong>The</strong> evidence assembled in the <strong>Global</strong> <strong>Burden</strong> <strong>of</strong> <strong>Armed</strong> <strong>Violence</strong> report, written by a team <strong>of</strong> ex- perts coordinated by the Small Arms Survey for the <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> on <strong>Armed</strong> <strong>Violence</strong> and Development, provides an overview <strong>of</strong> the inci- dence, severity, and distribution <strong>of</strong> different types <strong>of</strong> armed violence—in both conflict and non-conflict situations, from both large and small-scale violence, in criminally and politically motivated contexts. <strong>The</strong> report is an important step towards a better understanding <strong>of</strong>—and more effective responses to—the negative impact <strong>of</strong> armed violence. <strong>The</strong> human toll <strong>of</strong> armed violence across various contexts is severe. In the recent past, at least 740,000 people have died directly or indirectly each year from armed violence. <strong>Armed</strong> violence also has a ripple effect throughout society, cre- ating a climate <strong>of</strong> fear, distorting investment, disrupting markets, and closing schools, clinics, and roads. This report also highlights the tremendous economic impact <strong>of</strong> armed violence. <strong>The</strong> cost <strong>of</strong> lost productivity from non-conflict or criminal violence alone is about USD 95 billion and may reach as high as USD 163 billion per year. War-related violence decreases the annual growth <strong>of</strong> an average economy by around two per cent for many years. <strong>The</strong>se human and economic costs make armed violence a development issue and explain why the development community is increasingly motivated to promote its prevention and reduction. Together with members <strong>of</strong> the core group <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> on <strong>Armed</strong> <strong>Violence</strong> and Development, signed on 7 June 2006 in <strong>Geneva</strong>, Switzerland recognizes that effective prevention and reduction <strong>of</strong> armed violence requires strong political commitment to enhance national and local data collection, develop evidence-based programmes, invest in personnel, and learn from good practice. In moving in this direction the <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong> calls on all signatories to strengthen efforts to integrate strategies for armed violence reduction and conflict prevention into national, regional, and multilateral development plans and programmes. Such instruments commit countries to make good on their promises and to back these commitments with adequate resources and leadership. Endorsed by more than 90 states, the <strong>Declaration</strong> argues that ‘living free from the threat <strong>of</strong> armed violence is a basic human need’ and sets out to make ‘measurable reductions in the global burden <strong>of</strong> armed violence’ by 2015. Signatories to the <strong>Geneva</strong> <strong>Declaration</strong>—including the Swiss Confederation—have accepted the responsibility iii FORE WO R D 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
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Page 7 and 8: Contents Executive Summary ........
Page 9 and 10: About the Geneva <
Page 11 and 12: of direct conflict
Page 13 and 14: Executive Summary Armed</st
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1 captures graphically the d
Page 17 and 18: This report also finds that the aft
Page 19 and 20: ��
Page 21 and 22: Chapter One Direct Conflict Death <
Page 23 and 24: approaches that featured cross-nati
Page 25 and 26: us, non-state and intercommunal arm
Page 27 and 28: niques and inclusion requirements (
Page 29 and 30: Figure 1.2 Estimates of</st
Page 31 and 32: North Africa Sudan 7,284 1,098 2,60
Page 33 and 34: Map 1.1 The GBAV c
Page 35 and 36: �� Increasing di
Page 37 and 38: Table 1.4 Estimated direct conflict
Page 39 and 40: Table 1.7 Direct conflict death rat
Page 41 and 42: accounts overwhelmingly for the glo
Page 43 and 44: Chapter Two The Ma
Page 45 and 46: Sexual violence in armed conflict a
Page 47 and 48: continued for six months due to the
Page 49 and 50: Table 2.1 Comparison of</st
Page 51 and 52: of sexual violence
Page 53 and 54: can be explained by the relatively
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Box 2.3 A very dark number: direct
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Photo Victims of v
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Table 2.5 Violent death estimates f
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Chapter Three Armed</strong
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ized by a clear victory of<
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On the basis of Ch
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illegal war economies, including th
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standards issued by UNHCR emphasize
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Table 3.4 Risk factors for youth vi
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Map 3.2 The youth
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Given the potential importance <str
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interventions based on identified n
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Chapter Four Lethal Encounters: Non
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violence in Mexico in 2007-08 (BBC,
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comparisons between regions <strong
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tively. The Caribb
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the homicide count is derived. None
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Table 4.1 National-level homicide t
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sistent increases during the time p
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Box 4.3 Sex, age, and armed violenc
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The police are sat
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American countries have similar tre
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evidence on the patterns and distri
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Chapter Five What’s in a Number?
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observe that war has negative effec
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Box 5.1 Accounting for the costs <s
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of conflict and co
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Table 5.2 The soci
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In Uganda, a protracted armed confl
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�� Lost product
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Figure 5.3 Potential gains in life
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playing a role in promoting an end
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16 Specifically, the health and yea
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Chapter Six Armed
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(Myrttinen, 2003, p. 38). T
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NATO Forces and The</strong
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go missing, or are killed. In such
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disaggregated data is still not ava
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Acts of sexual vio
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Dowry-related violence A dowry is t
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sex ratios reported at birth is pre
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Chapter Seven Other Forms o
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will likely emerge. Armed</
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Gangs in Central America Central Am
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��
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The absence <stron
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Table 7.1 Recorded cases of
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Figure 7.2 Kidnap for ransom cases
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armed violence, since, beyond the d
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Bibliography Executive Summary CNP
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Burr, M. 1993. A Working Document:
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Thieren, Michael. 2005. ‘Health I
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——. 2008. Small Arms Survey 200
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Nations-Survey-on-Crime-Trends-and-
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ground Paper. Geneva</stron
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--. 2003. ‘Masculinities and Masc
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ights-and-wrongs-of</strong
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Boxes List of Illu
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Map 4.1 Homicide rates per 100,000
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Figure 2.1 Typology of</str
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