The Art of the Helicopter John Watkinson - Karatunov.net

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Acceleration: and force, 22–5 and velocity, 30 Adiabatic changes of a gas, 34–5 Advance ratio, 90 Advancing blade compressibility stall, 96, 97 AeroDiesel see Diesel piston engines/installations Aeroelasticity effect, 115 Aerofoils see Airfoils (aerofoils) Aerospatiale elastomeric bearings, 160 AFCS see Autopilots and AFCS (automatic flight control systems) Air resonance, 152–3 Airflow-sensing for helicopters, 287–8 Airfoils (aerofoils), 61–3 angle of attack, 66, 67, 72 cambered, 64–5, 66 centre of pressure, 65–6 coefficient of lift, 66–8 dynamic overshoot, 66 flat, 64 flutter, 65–6 stalling, 66 Warren effect, 66 see also Rotor blades Airframe see Fuselage/airframe Airspeed indicators (ASI), 263, 275–6, 287–8 airspeed sensing, 276–7 Alison free turbine engine, 224–5 All-up weight (AUW), and power, 329–30, 334 Altimeters: altitude sensing, 263, 276–7, 325–7 pressure and density altitude, 325–7 pressure instruments, 263, 271–5 RADAR instruments, 263, 288–90 rotors turning problems, 274 AMCS (advanced mechanical control system), Lockheed flybar system, 312 AMSL (height above mean sea level), 273 Angle of attack, airfoils, 66, 67, 72 Applications, 1–2 Index military uses, 1–2, 321 rescue vehicles, 1 transport, 2 APUs (auxiliary power units), 191 Articulated rotors see Rotor heads Artificial horizon instruments: about artificial horizons, 259 earth gyros, 282–4 erection mechanisms, 282–4 gyroscopic instruments, 282–4 ASI (airspeed indicator), 263, 275–6, 287–8 Athodyd (ramjet), 247–8 Atmosphere: gaseous content, 32, 324–5 influence of, 324–5 International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), 273–4, 325–6 Attitude-sensing instruments: about attitude sensing, 263 gyroscopic, 286 Autodynamic head, 350 Autogyros see Gyroplanes Autopilots and AFCS (automatic flight control systems): about autopilots, 313–14 AFCS operation, 314–18 airspeed control, 317 altitude control, 317 basic autopilot systems, 260–2, 314 flight directors, 318 see also Coupled systems Autorotation, vertical, 78–81, 82 AUW (all-up weight), and power, 329–30, 334 Auxiliary power units (APUs), 191 AVGAS (aviation gasoline), 18, 238 AVTUR (turbine type kerosene), 18, 238 Banking, 87–8 bar and hPa, 33 Basic manoeuvres see Manoeuvres
380 Index Bell 47 helicopter, 5, 6 flybar system, 308–10 fuel system, 17–18 Bell 206 JetRanger, 155 fuel systems, 221–2 hydraulic system, 255–6 pitch control, 140–1 tail plane, 180–1 tail shaft, 168 turbine arrangement, 194–5 Bell 222 helicopter, 131, 158 Bell 412 helicopter, 159 Bell 680 helicopter, 160 Bell AH-1G, 158 Bell flybar system, 305–8 damping, 307 implementation, 305–6 operation, 306–8 Bell Huey (HU-1), 7 Bell-Boeing Osprey tilt rotor convertiplane, 11, 356–7 Bell-Hiller flybar system, 313 Belt drives, 193–4 Bernouilli’s theorem, 65, 73 Bifilar pendulum vibration control, 110 Binary systems, 294, 298, 299 Blade element theory, 75 Blades see Rotor blades Blind landings, 320 Bo-105, 159, 161 pendular vibration absorbers, 110 Boeing 347 winged helicopter, 351–3 Bristol Belvedere tandem rotor helicopter, 372 Carburettors, gasoline engines, 207–10 about carburettors, 207 fuel requirements, 208 icing problems, 210, 215–16 operation, 208–10 and pinking, 208 Centre of gravity (CG), 22–3 Centre of mass (CM) see CM (centre of mass) Centre of pressure, airfoils, 65–6 Centrifugal and Coriolis forces, 49–51 Centrifugal stiffening of blades, 71, 100 Centripetal force, 38, 50–1 Chaser motors (instrumentation), 277 Chinese weights, 70 Chinook tandem rotor helicopters, 13, 14, 368–9, 372–5 control system, 373–6 ILCA (integrated lower control actuators), 373 pitch control, 140 yaw control, 376 DASH actuator, 373–4 fuel system, 222–3 transmission, 242–3, 369 vibration avoidance measures, 110 waterborne characteristics, 376 CHT (cylinder head temperature), 214 Cierva autogyros, 143, 349 Cierva Air Horse, 358, 360 Circulation airflow, 64 Climbing, power management, 335–7 CM (centre of mass): about CM, 22–3 location in helicopters, 28–9 rotor blades, 39 Coaxial helicopters, 15, 361–4 yaw control, 362–4 Collective control pitch lever, 68–70, 136–7 Compasses see Magnetic compasses Compliance and stiffness, 41 Compound helicopter see Gyrodyne Compressors, turbine engines: axial compressors, 227–8 blade cleanliness, 228 centrifugal compressors, 226–7 surge problems, 228 swirl recovery, 227 Coning angle, rotor blades, 71–2 Coning roll and inflow, 90–3 Constant velocity (CV) joint, 125 Contingency ratings, turbine engines, 338–9 Contra-rotation helicopters see Multi-rotor helicopters Control axis, 120, 121–2 Control signalling, 290–2 Control systems and instruments: about helicopter control, 19–20, 258–63 artificial horizon instruments, 259 auto and pilot as alternative controls, 260 autopilot with pilot having control of references, 260–2 autopilot and pilot as series controllers, 260 direction indicators, 259 flight directors, 262 glass cockpit technology, 262 GPS receivers, 262 IFRs (instrument flight rules), 259, 324, 341 pilot’s task, 258–62 powered controls, 260 stability augmentation, 260–2 VOR beacons, 262 see also Airflow-sensing for helicopters; Autopilots and AFCS (automatic flight control systems); Coupled systems; Fault tolerance; Flight sensors; Flybars; Gyroscopic instruments; Power assisted controls; RADAR sensors
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The Art of the Helicopter
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The Art of the Helicopter John Watk
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Contents Preface xi Acknowledgement
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4.12 Feathering 134 4.13 Pitch cont
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8.5 Power management 326 8.6 Flying
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xii Preface reader to make sense of
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1 Introduction to rotorcraft 1.1 Ap
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Introduction to rotorcraft 3 Fig. 1
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Introduction to rotorcraft 9 for th
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Introduction to rotorcraft 11 Fig.
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Introduction to rot
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Fig. 1.18 The contra-rotating coaxi
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Fig. 1.20 The structure of a light
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Introduction to rotorcraft 19 wings
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Introduction to rotorcraft 21 a rot
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Technical background 23 Fig. 2.1 At
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Fig. 2.3 Effect of force on velocit
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C Force A E Resultant (a) Force B (
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(a) (b) Technical background 29 Fig
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Technical background 31 Fig. 2.11 A
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Technical background 33 Fig. 2.12 (
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Technical background 35 If the volu
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Fig. 2.16 The definition of a radia
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Technical background 39 force would
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Technical background 41 Figure 2.20
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Technical background 43 force where
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Technical background 45 the cosine
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Technical background 47 Fig. 2.28 F
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Technical background 49 Fig. 2.30 T
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Technical background 51 centripetal
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2.17 The gyroscope Technical backgr
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Technical background 55 of oscillat
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Technical background 57 the inertia
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Technical background 59 shut down a
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3 Introduction to helicopter dynami
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Introduction to helicopter dynamics
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(a) (c) (b) Introduction to helicop
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Introduction to hel
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Fig. 3.23 Conditions for hover and
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(a) (b) Introduction to helicopter
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(a) (b) Introduction to helicopter
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4.1 Introduction 4 Rotors in practi
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(a) (b) Rotors in practice 119 Fig.
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Rotors in practice 121 Designers of
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Rotors in practice 123 opposite occ
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Rotors in practice 125 Fig. 4.6 (a)
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Rotors in practice 127 assembly tha
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Rotors in practice 129 Pitch change
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× T=c× D Rotors in practice 131 F
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Rotors in practice 133 In a real he
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Rotors in practice 135 Fig. 4.15 Va
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(a) (b) Rotors in practice 137 Fig.
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Rotors in practice 139 Fig. 4.18 Th
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Rotors in practice 141 swashplate a
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Fig. 4.23 A fixed-pitch tilting hea
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Rotors in practice 145 Fig. 4.25 Bl
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Rotors in practice 147 Fig. 4.27 Ef
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Rotors in practice 149 Fig. 4.29 (a
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Rotors in practice 151 concerned ar
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Rotors in practice 153 and lag damp
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Rotors in practice 155 disappears a
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(d) (e) (f) Rotors in practice 157
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Rotors in practice 159 hull and a v
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Rotors in practice 161 Fig. 4.35 (C
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Rotors in practice 163 Abrasion is
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Rotors in practice 165 There are so
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eing more visible to ground personn
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otates the rod in the screw thread.
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In the case of a rotor having offse
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The tail rotor designer is faced wi
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Fig. 5.5 A right-side wrong-directi
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centre of mass. The solution was to
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safe to start the rotors. However,
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Fig. 5.10 Tail plane locations: (a)
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Fig. 5.12 (a) A top-mounted fin is
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Fig. 5.14 (a) Main rotor lateral ro
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long. The cross-section of the duct
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drag. However, the slots are emitti
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6 Engines and transmissions The pow
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Engines and transmissions 193 the D
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(a) (b) Engines and transmissions 1
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(a) (b) (c) Engines and transmissio
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Fig. 6.5 A typical horizontally opp
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Engines and transmissions 201 the v
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Engines and transmissions 203 The c
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6.9 The oil system Engines and tran
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Engines and transmissions 207 (non-
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(a) (b) Engines and transmissions 2
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Engines and transmissions 211 a hot
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Engines and transmissions 213 Fig.
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Engines and transmissions 215 In wa
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Engines and transmissions 217 is a
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Engines and transmissions 221 own t
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Fig. 6.16 The complex fuel system o
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Engines and transmissions 233 and c
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Engines and transmissions 237 Sensi
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Engines and transmissions 243 the A
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Fig. 6.37 Displays which may be see
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Engines and transmissions 251 slipr
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Engines and transmissions 253 a fau
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Engines and transmissions 255 resul
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Engines and transmissions 257 The p
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Fig. 7.1 (a) A minimal control loop
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Fig. 7.2 (a) When attitude conditio
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fixed point in the hover despite ex
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(a) (b) Fig. 7.4 (a) The earth beha
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7.4 Compass errors A magnetic compa
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In most cases the machine will have
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Fig. 7.7 The remote indicator for a
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is set by the use of a control knob
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Fig. 7.11 The VSI (vertical speed i
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Fig. 7.13 A chaser system which all
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e modified if the gyro is in a movi
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must be in steady flight when the D
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arranged on opposite sides of the p
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Fig. 7.19 The turn indicator is spr
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7.17 Airflow-sensing devices The he
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Fig. 7.24 Using RADAR signals. At (
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Fig. 7.27 Transducers used in signa
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Fig. 7.28 In PCM or digital signall
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(a) Fig. 7.30 Using slicing and rec
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Fig. 7.33 The false codes created i
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Fig. 7.35 In a pure binary system,
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Fig. 7.38 Producing two’s complem
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Fig. 7.40 A power-assisted hydrauli
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Fig. 7.42 An electro-hydraulic valv
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path axis and the flybar axis diver
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and autostabilization, it also prov
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Fig. 7.47 The Lockheed gyrobar syst
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Fig. 7.49 In the Lockheed AMCS, the
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Fig. 7.50 With the autopilot diseng
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or without the AFCS. Systems of thi
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Thus if a VOR receiver detected a 9
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7.29 Fault tolerance In feedback sy
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8 Helicopter performance 8.1 Introd
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Helicopter performance 325 column i
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Helicopter performance 327 Fig. 8.1
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Page 348 and 349: Helicopter performance 333 Fig. 8.7
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Page 362 and 363: 9 Other types of rotorcraft Althoug
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Page 366 and 367: Other types of rotorcraft 351 Fig.
Page 368 and 369: Other types of rotorcraft 353 incre
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Page 372 and 373: Fig. 9.7 The Bell-Boeing Osprey til
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Page 380 and 381: Other types of rotorcraft 365 a low
Page 382 and 383: Other types of rotorcraft 367 the y
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Page 388 and 389: Other types of rotorcraft 373 For e
Page 396 and 397: Convertiplane, 11-12, 355-8 Bell-Bo
Page 398 and 399: tanks, 219-20 turbine engines, 237-
Page 400 and 401: Lockheed flybar system, 309-13 AMCS
Page 402 and 403: centrifugal stiffening, 71, 100 and
Page 404 and 405: tail/main rotor interaction, 173 te
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