The Art of the Helicopter John Watkinson - Karatunov.net

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Convertiplane, 11–12, 355–8 Bell-Boeing Osprey tilt rotor, 356–7 Fairey Rotodyne, 10, 355 McDonnel XV-1, 355 tilt wing construction, 358 tip jet convertiplanes, 356 Cooling systems, gasolene and diesel engines, 219 Coriolis force: and centrifugal force, 49–51 and dragging, 26 Correlators and governors, 195–8 Coupled systems, 318–20 blind landings, 320 flight directors, 262, 318 ILS (instrument landing system), 319–20 VOR beacons/receivers, 318–19 Cracks, failure from, 26 CV (constant velocity) joint, 125 Cyclic control, 86–7 Cyclic feathering, 98 Cyclic stick, 93 Cyclic trim, 141–2 Cylinder head temperature (CHT), 214 D-ring, 166–7 Damping, 42–3 critical damping, 57 elastomeric damping, 159, 160 rotational systems, 43 DAVI (dynamic anti-resonant vibration isolator), 111–12 Decimal systems, 294 Density altitude and pressure, 325–7 Density and mass, 22 Detuning, for vibration control, 108 DI (gyroscopic direction indicator), 279–81 see also Gyroscopic instruments Diesel piston engines/installations: about the aeroDiesel, 216–17 advantages/disadvantages, 193 belt drives, 193–4 cooling systems, 219 fuel for, 18 governors, 196 injection pumps, 216 intercoolers, 216–17 RPM control, 196–8 scavenging, 216 static droop, 196–7 turbochargers, 216–17 typical installations, 193–4 uniflow two-stroke diesel, 217–19 see also Fuel systems Digital signalling, 292–302 binary systems, 294, 298, 299 decimal systems, 294 digital encoders, 296 Gray code, 296 with helicopter controls, 297–9 hexadecimal systems, 298 octal systems, 298 PCM (pulse code modulation), 292–3 quantizing, 293 sampling, 292 slicing, 295 two’s complement coding, 300–2 Direction indicators, 279–81 see also Gyroscopic instruments Directional stability, 342–3 Disc loading, 75–6 Doblhoff tip-burning helicopter system, 249 Doppler RADAR navigator, 288–90 Downwash, 74, 76 and vibration, 101–2 Drag/dragging, 143–5 Coriolis force, 26 dragging blade motion, 145–7 dragging flexures, 159 dragging hinges, 123–6 and harmonic flapping, 99–100 induced drag, 61, 63 profile drag, 63–4 tail rotors, 172 Drone helicopters, 377 Droop stops, 123 Dutch roll, 345 Dynamic anti-resonant vibration isolator (DAVI), 111–12 Dynamic balancing, rotor blades, 40 Dynamic inflow, 75 Dynamic overshoot, 66 Dynamic rollover, 153–5 Dynamic stability, 343–4 Early helicopters see History Earth gyros, 282–4 Efficiency, 31–2 figure of merit, 76–7 EHVs (electro-hydraulic valves), 304–5, 314–16 Elastomeric damping, 159, 160 Electrical systems: 12 and 24 volt systems, 250 AC 400 Hz systems, 253 alternators, 251–2 ammeters, 252–3 basic concepts, 20 batteries: lead-acid and nickel-cadmium, 250 voltage regulators, 250–1 fuses and circuit breakers, 252–3 Electro-hydraulic valves (EHVs), 304–5, 314–16 Index 381
382 Index Energy and work, 29–31 kinetic energy, 30 potential energy, 30 Engines see Diesel piston engines/installations; Gasoline engines/installations; Turbine engines/installations Enstrom F-28, 76 airframe structure, 16–17 pitch control, 138–9, 140 tail rotor, 175 Fa 223 multi-rotor helicopter, 359–61 FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control), 235–7 Fairey (Westland): Gyrodyne, 10, 353 Rotodyne, 11, 12, 355 Fatigue failure, 25 Fault tolerance, 321–2 electrical systems, 321–2 hardover problems, 59, 321 hydraulics, 321 military applications, 321 redundancy, 321 Feathering, 62, 134–6 cyclic feathering, 98 Feedback, 55–60 actual position, 55 closed loops, 55 damping/critical damping, 57 desired position, 55 feedback loops, 55 hunting, 55–6 and loop gain, 57 nested loops, 57–9 open loop condition, 57 position error, 55 with radio control of models, 59–60 see also Servos Fenestron system, 167, 186–7 Figure of merit, 76–7 Fins, tailplane, 182–3 Flameout problems, turbine engines, 235 Flapback, 90 tail rotors, 172 Flapping, 122–3 flapping bearing vibration, 100 flapping bearings/hinges, 158–60, 349 Gurney flap, 181 tail rotor hinges, 172 Flare-out and disc loading, 76 Flettner Kolibri (Hummingbird), 2, 4, 198 Flight directors, 262, 318 see also Coupled systems Flight manuals, 339–40 and operational limitations, 339–40 Flight sensors: airspeed indicators (ASI), 263, 275–6, 287–8 Attitude-sensing instruments, 263, 286 heading sensing devices, 263 height/altitude sensing indicators, 263, 276–7, 325–7 see also Gyroscopic instruments; Instrumentation, flying and navigation; Magnetic compasses; Pressure instruments Flutter, rotor blades, 65–6 Flux gate compass, 269–71 Fly-by-wire and fly-by-light, 292 Flybars: about flybars, 305 see also Bell flybar system; Bell-Hiller flybar system; Hiller flybar system; Lockheed flybar system Focke-Achgelis Fa-223, 3, 5 Focke-Wulf Fw-61, 2–3 Following/following rate, 132 Force(s): and acceleration, 22–5 moments and couples, 28–9 resultants and components, 26–7 Forward flight: inflow and coning roll, 90–3 rotor H-force, 93 speed limit, 97–8 tail function and design, 179 tandem rotor helicopters, 370–1 translational flight, 88–90 Fountain effect, and ground effect, 85 Fourier analysis, 46–9 basic functions of, 47 Heisenberg inequality, 48 and helicopter rotors, 48–9 inverse transforms, 47 and the lift function, 98 short-term Fourier transform (STFT), 48 Fuel, gasoline engines, 208 Fuel injection, diesel engines, 216 Fuel injection, gasoline engines: basic principle, 210–11 electronic systems, 211 mechanical systems, 211 Fuel systems: about fuel systems, 17–18 air vent plumbing, 221 Chinook helicopter, 222–3 filtering, 221 fuel type indicators, 220 JetRanger helicopter, 221–2 large helicopters, 221–3 light helicopters, 219–21
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The Art of the Helicopter
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The Art of the Helicopter John Watk
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Contents Preface xi Acknowledgement
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4.12 Feathering 134 4.13 Pitch cont
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8.5 Power management 326 8.6 Flying
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xii Preface reader to make sense of
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1 Introduction to rotorcraft 1.1 Ap
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Introduction to rotorcraft 3 Fig. 1
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Introduction to rotorcraft 9 for th
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Introduction to rotorcraft 11 Fig.
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Introduction to rot
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Fig. 1.18 The contra-rotating coaxi
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Fig. 1.20 The structure of a light
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Introduction to rotorcraft 19 wings
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Introduction to rotorcraft 21 a rot
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Technical background 23 Fig. 2.1 At
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Fig. 2.3 Effect of force on velocit
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C Force A E Resultant (a) Force B (
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(a) (b) Technical background 29 Fig
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Technical background 31 Fig. 2.11 A
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Technical background 33 Fig. 2.12 (
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Technical background 35 If the volu
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Fig. 2.16 The definition of a radia
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Technical background 39 force would
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Technical background 41 Figure 2.20
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Technical background 43 force where
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Technical background 45 the cosine
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Technical background 47 Fig. 2.28 F
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Technical background 49 Fig. 2.30 T
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Technical background 51 centripetal
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2.17 The gyroscope Technical backgr
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Technical background 55 of oscillat
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Technical background 57 the inertia
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Technical background 59 shut down a
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3 Introduction to helicopter dynami
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Introduction to helicopter dynamics
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(a) (c) (b) Introduction to helicop
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Introduction to hel
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Fig. 3.23 Conditions for hover and
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(a) (b) Introduction to helicopter
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(a) (b) Introduction to helicopter
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4.1 Introduction 4 Rotors in practi
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(a) (b) Rotors in practice 119 Fig.
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Rotors in practice 121 Designers of
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Rotors in practice 123 opposite occ
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Rotors in practice 125 Fig. 4.6 (a)
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Rotors in practice 127 assembly tha
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Rotors in practice 129 Pitch change
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× T=c× D Rotors in practice 131 F
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Rotors in practice 133 In a real he
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Rotors in practice 135 Fig. 4.15 Va
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(a) (b) Rotors in practice 137 Fig.
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Rotors in practice 139 Fig. 4.18 Th
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Rotors in practice 141 swashplate a
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Fig. 4.23 A fixed-pitch tilting hea
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Rotors in practice 145 Fig. 4.25 Bl
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Rotors in practice 147 Fig. 4.27 Ef
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Rotors in practice 149 Fig. 4.29 (a
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Rotors in practice 151 concerned ar
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Rotors in practice 153 and lag damp
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Rotors in practice 155 disappears a
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(d) (e) (f) Rotors in practice 157
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Rotors in practice 159 hull and a v
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Rotors in practice 161 Fig. 4.35 (C
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Rotors in practice 163 Abrasion is
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Rotors in practice 165 There are so
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eing more visible to ground personn
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otates the rod in the screw thread.
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In the case of a rotor having offse
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The tail rotor designer is faced wi
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Fig. 5.5 A right-side wrong-directi
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centre of mass. The solution was to
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safe to start the rotors. However,
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Fig. 5.10 Tail plane locations: (a)
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Fig. 5.12 (a) A top-mounted fin is
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Fig. 5.14 (a) Main rotor lateral ro
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long. The cross-section of the duct
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drag. However, the slots are emitti
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6 Engines and transmissions The pow
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Engines and transmissions 193 the D
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(a) (b) Engines and transmissions 1
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(a) (b) (c) Engines and transmissio
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Fig. 6.5 A typical horizontally opp
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Engines and transmissions 201 the v
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Engines and transmissions 203 The c
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6.9 The oil system Engines and tran
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Engines and transmissions 207 (non-
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(a) (b) Engines and transmissions 2
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Engines and transmissions 211 a hot
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Engines and transmissions 213 Fig.
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Engines and transmissions 215 In wa
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Engines and transmissions 217 is a
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Engines and transmissions 221 own t
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Fig. 6.16 The complex fuel system o
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Engines and transmissions 233 and c
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Engines and transmissions 237 Sensi
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Engines and transmissions 243 the A
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Fig. 6.37 Displays which may be see
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Engines and transmissions 251 slipr
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Engines and transmissions 253 a fau
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Engines and transmissions 255 resul
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Engines and transmissions 257 The p
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Fig. 7.1 (a) A minimal control loop
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Fig. 7.2 (a) When attitude conditio
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fixed point in the hover despite ex
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(a) (b) Fig. 7.4 (a) The earth beha
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7.4 Compass errors A magnetic compa
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In most cases the machine will have
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Fig. 7.7 The remote indicator for a
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is set by the use of a control knob
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Fig. 7.11 The VSI (vertical speed i
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Fig. 7.13 A chaser system which all
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e modified if the gyro is in a movi
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must be in steady flight when the D
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arranged on opposite sides of the p
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Fig. 7.19 The turn indicator is spr
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7.17 Airflow-sensing devices The he
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Fig. 7.24 Using RADAR signals. At (
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Fig. 7.27 Transducers used in signa
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Fig. 7.28 In PCM or digital signall
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(a) Fig. 7.30 Using slicing and rec
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Fig. 7.33 The false codes created i
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Fig. 7.35 In a pure binary system,
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Fig. 7.38 Producing two’s complem
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Fig. 7.40 A power-assisted hydrauli
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Fig. 7.42 An electro-hydraulic valv
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path axis and the flybar axis diver
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and autostabilization, it also prov
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Fig. 7.47 The Lockheed gyrobar syst
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Fig. 7.49 In the Lockheed AMCS, the
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Fig. 7.50 With the autopilot diseng
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or without the AFCS. Systems of thi
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Thus if a VOR receiver detected a 9
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7.29 Fault tolerance In feedback sy
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8 Helicopter performance 8.1 Introd
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Helicopter performance 325 column i
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Helicopter performance 327 Fig. 8.1
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Helicopter performance 329 to skid
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Page 348 and 349: Helicopter performance 333 Fig. 8.7
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Page 362 and 363: 9 Other types of rotorcraft Althoug
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Page 366 and 367: Other types of rotorcraft 351 Fig.
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Page 380 and 381: Other types of rotorcraft 365 a low
Page 382 and 383: Other types of rotorcraft 367 the y
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Page 388 and 389: Other types of rotorcraft 373 For e
Page 394 and 395: Acceleration: and force, 22-5 and v
Page 398 and 399: tanks, 219-20 turbine engines, 237-
Page 400 and 401: Lockheed flybar system, 309-13 AMCS
Page 402 and 403: centrifugal stiffening, 71, 100 and
Page 404 and 405: tail/main rotor interaction, 173 te
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