The Art of the Helicopter John Watkinson - Karatunov.net

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tanks, 219–20 turbine engines, 237–8 water contamination, 220–1 Full Authority Digital Engine Control (FADEC), 235–7 Fuselage/airframe: basic elements, 16–17 hull rocking resonance, 150 vibrations from rotor, 102–3 Gases: adiabatic changes, 34–5 and the atmosphere, 32–3, 324–5 Gas Law, 33, 325 isothermal changes, 34–5 and pressure, 32–3 Gasoline engines/installations: advantages, 192 anti-vibration measures, 193 basic construction and operation, 198–201 belt drives, 193–4 cooling systems, 219 correlators, 196–7 ignition systems, 201–4 induction throttle control, 192 limitations, 192 magnetos, 201–3 pumping loss, 334 range, 333–4 RPM control, 195–8 starter motors, 204 static droop, 196–7 throttles, 196 typical installation, 193–4 see also Carburettors, gasoline engines; Fuel injection, gasoline engines; Fuel systems; Instrumentation, gasoline engines; Oil systems, gasoline engines; Turbochargers, gasoline engines Gazda Helicospeeder, 354 Gearboxes see Transmission Glass cockpit technology, 262 Governors and correlators, 195–8 turbine engines, 234 GPS receivers, 262 Gravity/gravitational attraction, 23–4, 27 Gray code, 296 Ground effect, 84–6 and fountain effect, 85 HIGE (hover in ground effect), 323 HOGE (hover out of ground effect), 72–3, 323, 330 and RAF (relative air flow), 84 and recirculation, 86 Ground resonance, 18, 145–52 and dragging blade motion, 145–7 hull rocking resonance, 150 recovery from, 152 soft-in-plane rotors, 151–2 Stiff-in-plane rotors, 152 whirling/whirling frequency, 146–52 Groundspeed (GS), 276 Gurney flap, 181 Gust response, 68 Gyrodyne (compound helicopter), 10, 353–5 advantages, 353 Fairy Gyrodyne, 10, 353 Gazda Helicospeeder, 354 Lockheed Cheyenne gyrodyne, 354 Piasecki Pathfinder, 354 Gyroplanes (autogyros): about gyroplanes, 10, 347–8 autodynamic head, 350 Cierva autogyros, 143, 348–9 cyclic control requirements, 349 with flapping hinges, 349 history, 2 jump-take-off, 349–50 starting, 349–50 with teetering heads, 350 Gyroscopes, 53–4 gyroscopic precession, 52, 54 laser, 54–5 piezo-electric, 54–5 rigidity, 53 Gyroscopic instruments: about gyroscopic instruments, 277–9 apparent drift, 278–9 artificial horizon, 282–4 attitude sensing, 286 DIs (direction indicators), 279–81 caging, 280–1 gimballing errors, 280 gyromagnetic compass, 281–2 drift, 278–9 earth gyros, 279, 282–4 gyromagnetic compass, 281–2 tied gyros, 279 transport error, 279 turn and slip indicators, 284–6 H-force, 93, 94 Hardover failure of servos, 59, 321 Harmonic flapping and dragging, 99–100 Harmonic pitch control, 113–14 Heading sensors, 263 Heads see Rotor heads Health and Usage Monitoring Systems (HUMS), 257 Height sensing see Altimeters Heisenberg inequality, 48 Index 383
384 Index HIGE (hover in ground effect), 323 Hiller flybar system, 308–10 swashplate arrangement, 309 Hiller’s powerblades, 249 History, 2–9 gyroplanes, 2 models for research, 8–9 post World War II, 5–9 pre World War II, 2–5 turbine power, 7 HOGE (hover out of ground effect), 72–3, 323, 330 Hooke joint, 123–5 Hooke’s Law, 25 Hopping, 98 Hovering: basic mechanism, 68–70 cyclic control, 86–7 and disc loading, 76 hover in ground effect (HIGE), 323 hover out of ground effect (HOGE), 72–3, 323, 330 hover stability, 346 and power to weight ratio, 1 hPa and bar, 33 Hughes 300 helicopter, fuel system, 17–18 Hughes 500 helicopter, 76 pendular vibration absorbers, 110 Hughes XH-17 flying crane, 249 Hull see Fuselage/airframe Hull rocking resonance, 150 Human visual system (HVS) and vibration, 107 Humidity, and density altitude, 326 HUMS (Health and Usage Monitoring Systems), 257 Hydraulic systems: about hydraulic systems, 20, 253–4 failure and failure prevention, 254–5 fully powered, 253, 254 hydraulic power assisted ram, 302–3 hydraulic pumps, 254 JetRanger system, 255–6 power assisted, 254 Sikorsky CH-47, 256–7 IAS (indicated air speed), 276 Icing problems, carburettors, 210, 215–16 IFR (instrument flight rules), 259, 324, 341 Ignition systems, 201–4 dual systems, 203–4 magnetos, 201–3 points and capacitor, 201–3 testing, 203–4 ILS (instrument landing system), 319–20 Indicated air speed (IAS), 276 Induced drag, 61, 63 Induced velocity, 74 Inflow and coning roll, 90–3 Injection pumps, diesel engines, 216 Instrument flight rules (IFRs), 259, 324, 341 Instrument landing system (ILS), 319–20 Instrumentation, flying and navigation: basic concepts, 20–1 chasers, 277 RRPM (rotor revolution per minute) meters, 246–7 see also Gyroscopic instruments; Magnetic compasses; Pressure instruments Instrumentation, gasoline engines: cylinder head temperature (CHT), 214 exhaust gas temperature (EGT), turbocharged machines, 215 icing avoidance, 215–16 manifold pressure gauge, 215 oil pressure gauge, 215 Instrumentation, transmission, 244–6 gearbox chip detectors, 245 gearbox temperature, 245 gearbox torque meters, 245–6 Instrumentation, turbine engines, 237 Intercoolers, aeroDiesels, 216–17 International Standard Atmosphere (ISA), 273–4, 325–6 Isothermal changes of a gas, 34–5 JetRanger see Bell 206 JetRanger Kaman: Huskie synchropter, 13–15 K-225, 7 K-Max synchropter, 367–8 Kamov contra-rotating rotors, 15 pendular vibration absorbers, 110 Lanchester exciter, 103–4 Landing gear: ground resonance problems, 18 oleos (oleo-pneumatic struts), 18 types of, 18 Laser gyroscopes, 54–5 Lateral stability, 343, 344 Lead lag see Drag/dragging Lift: coefficient of lift, 66–8 creation and control, 61–5 lift function harmonics, 98 load factor, 67–8 see also Airfoils; Collective control Lightning protection, 162 Load factor, 67–8 Lockheed AH-56, 159 Lockheed Cheyenne gyrodyne, 10, 11, 97, 161, 354
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The Art of the Helicopter
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The Art of the Helicopter John Watk
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Contents Preface xi Acknowledgement
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4.12 Feathering 134 4.13 Pitch cont
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8.5 Power management 326 8.6 Flying
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xii Preface reader to make sense of
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1 Introduction to rotorcraft 1.1 Ap
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Introduction to rotorcraft 3 Fig. 1
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Introduction to rotorcraft 9 for th
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Introduction to rotorcraft 11 Fig.
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Introduction to rot
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Fig. 1.18 The contra-rotating coaxi
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Fig. 1.20 The structure of a light
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Introduction to rotorcraft 19 wings
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Introduction to rotorcraft 21 a rot
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Technical background 23 Fig. 2.1 At
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Fig. 2.3 Effect of force on velocit
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C Force A E Resultant (a) Force B (
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(a) (b) Technical background 29 Fig
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Technical background 31 Fig. 2.11 A
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Technical background 33 Fig. 2.12 (
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Technical background 35 If the volu
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Fig. 2.16 The definition of a radia
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Technical background 39 force would
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Technical background 41 Figure 2.20
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Technical background 43 force where
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Technical background 45 the cosine
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Technical background 47 Fig. 2.28 F
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Technical background 49 Fig. 2.30 T
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Technical background 51 centripetal
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2.17 The gyroscope Technical backgr
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Technical background 55 of oscillat
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Technical background 57 the inertia
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Technical background 59 shut down a
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3 Introduction to helicopter dynami
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Introduction to helicopter dynamics
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(a) (c) (b) Introduction to helicop
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Introduction to hel
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Fig. 3.23 Conditions for hover and
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(a) (b) Introduction to helicopter
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(a) (b) Introduction to helicopter
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4.1 Introduction 4 Rotors in practi
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(a) (b) Rotors in practice 119 Fig.
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Rotors in practice 121 Designers of
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Rotors in practice 123 opposite occ
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Rotors in practice 125 Fig. 4.6 (a)
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Rotors in practice 127 assembly tha
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Rotors in practice 129 Pitch change
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× T=c× D Rotors in practice 131 F
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Rotors in practice 133 In a real he
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Rotors in practice 135 Fig. 4.15 Va
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(a) (b) Rotors in practice 137 Fig.
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Rotors in practice 139 Fig. 4.18 Th
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Rotors in practice 141 swashplate a
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Fig. 4.23 A fixed-pitch tilting hea
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Rotors in practice 145 Fig. 4.25 Bl
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Rotors in practice 147 Fig. 4.27 Ef
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Rotors in practice 149 Fig. 4.29 (a
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Rotors in practice 151 concerned ar
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Rotors in practice 153 and lag damp
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Rotors in practice 155 disappears a
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(d) (e) (f) Rotors in practice 157
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Rotors in practice 159 hull and a v
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Rotors in practice 161 Fig. 4.35 (C
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Rotors in practice 163 Abrasion is
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Rotors in practice 165 There are so
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eing more visible to ground personn
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otates the rod in the screw thread.
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In the case of a rotor having offse
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The tail rotor designer is faced wi
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Fig. 5.5 A right-side wrong-directi
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centre of mass. The solution was to
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safe to start the rotors. However,
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Fig. 5.10 Tail plane locations: (a)
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Fig. 5.12 (a) A top-mounted fin is
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Fig. 5.14 (a) Main rotor lateral ro
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long. The cross-section of the duct
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drag. However, the slots are emitti
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6 Engines and transmissions The pow
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Engines and transmissions 193 the D
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(a) (b) Engines and transmissions 1
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(a) (b) (c) Engines and transmissio
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Fig. 6.5 A typical horizontally opp
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Engines and transmissions 201 the v
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Engines and transmissions 203 The c
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6.9 The oil system Engines and tran
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Engines and transmissions 207 (non-
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(a) (b) Engines and transmissions 2
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Engines and transmissions 211 a hot
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Engines and transmissions 213 Fig.
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Engines and transmissions 215 In wa
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Engines and transmissions 217 is a
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Engines and transmissions 221 own t
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Fig. 6.16 The complex fuel system o
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Engines and transmissions 233 and c
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Engines and transmissions 237 Sensi
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Engines and transmissions 243 the A
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Fig. 6.37 Displays which may be see
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Engines and transmissions 251 slipr
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Engines and transmissions 253 a fau
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Engines and transmissions 255 resul
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Engines and transmissions 257 The p
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Fig. 7.1 (a) A minimal control loop
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Fig. 7.2 (a) When attitude conditio
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fixed point in the hover despite ex
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(a) (b) Fig. 7.4 (a) The earth beha
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7.4 Compass errors A magnetic compa
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In most cases the machine will have
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Fig. 7.7 The remote indicator for a
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is set by the use of a control knob
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Fig. 7.11 The VSI (vertical speed i
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Fig. 7.13 A chaser system which all
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e modified if the gyro is in a movi
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must be in steady flight when the D
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arranged on opposite sides of the p
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Fig. 7.19 The turn indicator is spr
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7.17 Airflow-sensing devices The he
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Fig. 7.24 Using RADAR signals. At (
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Fig. 7.27 Transducers used in signa
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Fig. 7.28 In PCM or digital signall
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(a) Fig. 7.30 Using slicing and rec
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Fig. 7.33 The false codes created i
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Fig. 7.35 In a pure binary system,
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Fig. 7.38 Producing two’s complem
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Fig. 7.40 A power-assisted hydrauli
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Fig. 7.42 An electro-hydraulic valv
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path axis and the flybar axis diver
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and autostabilization, it also prov
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Fig. 7.47 The Lockheed gyrobar syst
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Fig. 7.49 In the Lockheed AMCS, the
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Fig. 7.50 With the autopilot diseng
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or without the AFCS. Systems of thi
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Thus if a VOR receiver detected a 9
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7.29 Fault tolerance In feedback sy
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8 Helicopter performance 8.1 Introd
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Helicopter performance 325 column i
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Helicopter performance 327 Fig. 8.1
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Helicopter performance 329 to skid
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(a) (b) Helicopter performance 331
Page 348 and 349: Helicopter performance 333 Fig. 8.7
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Page 362 and 363: 9 Other types of rotorcraft Althoug
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Page 366 and 367: Other types of rotorcraft 351 Fig.
Page 368 and 369: Other types of rotorcraft 353 incre
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Page 372 and 373: Fig. 9.7 The Bell-Boeing Osprey til
Page 374 and 375: (a) (b) Other types of rotorcraft 3
Page 380 and 381: Other types of rotorcraft 365 a low
Page 382 and 383: Other types of rotorcraft 367 the y
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Page 388 and 389: Other types of rotorcraft 373 For e
Page 394 and 395: Acceleration: and force, 22-5 and v
Page 396 and 397: Convertiplane, 11-12, 355-8 Bell-Bo
Page 400 and 401: Lockheed flybar system, 309-13 AMCS
Page 402 and 403: centrifugal stiffening, 71, 100 and
Page 404 and 405: tail/main rotor interaction, 173 te
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