The Art of the Helicopter John Watkinson - Karatunov.net

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tail/main rotor interaction, 173 teetering rotors, 171–2 total failure effects, 189–90 see also Tail function and design Tandem rotor helicopters, 13, 14, 368–76 Bristol Belvedere, 372 forward flight, 370–1 Piasecki Dogship, 368–9 rotor interference, 371–2 waterborne characteristics, 376 yaw problems, 371 see also Chinook tandem rotor helicopters TAS (true air speed), 276 Teledyne Continental Motors, 218–19 Tilting heads, 142–3 Tip jets, 247–50 Doblhoff tip-burning system, 249 frictional loss problems, 250 Hiller’s powerblades, 249 pressure jet system, 248–9 pulse jet, 248–9 ramjet (athodyd), 247–8 tip jet convertiplane, 356 Tip loss: main and tail rotors, 173 rotor blades, 77 tail rotors, 173 and the vortex ring, 81–4 Tip path axis, 119–21 Transient droop, 198 Translational flight, 88–90 Transmission: autorotation clutches, 238–9 basic elements, 17 chip detectors, 242 EP (extreme pressure) oil, 240–2 epicyclic and planetary reduction, 240 gear teeth, 240–1 instrumentation, 244–6 gearbox chip detectors, 245 gearbox temperature, 245 gearbox torque meters, 245–6 multi-engine, 243–4 speed reduction, 239–40 thrust bearings, 242–3 Transport applications, 2 FADEC (Full Authority Digital Engine Control), 235–7 True air speed (TAS), 276 Turbine engines/installations: acceleration limitations, 235 advantages, 191–2, 225 Alison free turbine engine, 224–5 altitude performance, 225–6 basic elements, 17, 194–5, 223–6 burner nozzles, 229–30 combustion/combustion chambers, 228–30 contingency ratings, 338–9 duplex burners, 229–30 early usage, 7 flameout problems, 235 free turbine engines, 194, 224–5 fuel for, 18 fuel management, 237–8 fuel/power control, 233–5 instrumentation, 237 limitations, 191 mounting, 194–5 in multiple engine machines, 337–9 oil system, 232–3 overpitching, 198 power control, 223–4, 226 power management, 337–9 power to weight ratio, 225 power turbine inlet temperature (PTIT), 237 power turbines, 230–2 attachment force problems, 231–2 blade temperature control, 230–1 creep problems, 232 range, 333–4 RPM control, 196–8 starting, 226 transient droop, 198 turbine outlet temperature (TOT), 225 see also Compressors, turbine engines; Fuel systems Turbine helicopters, disc loading, 76 Turbochargers, aeroDiesels, 216–17 injection pumps, 216 intercoolers, 216–17 Turbochargers, gasoline engines: basic principles, 211–13 induction pressure control, 214 material stress problems, 213–14 reliability, 214 Turn and slip indicators, gyroscopic, 284–6 Two-stroke uniflow diesel, 217–19 Two’s complement coding, 300–2 UAV (unmanned autonomous vehicle), 9, 377 Uniflow two-stroke diesel, 217–19 Unmanned autonomous vehicle (UAV), 9, 377 Vertical autorotation, 78–81 Vertical speed indicator (VSI), 275 VFR (visible flight rules), 341 Vibration, and sidebands, 45 Vibration control, 106–13 about vibration control, 106–8 active vibration cancellation, 112–13 bifilar pendulum, 110 Index 389
390 Index Vibration control (continued ) detuning, 108–9 dynamic anti-resonant vibration isolator (DAVI), 111–12 harmonic pitch control, 113–14 and the human visual system, 107 machinery rafts, 111–12 mass absorbers, 110 with multi-blade configurations, 108 natural frequency avoidance, 108–9 nodal beam system (Bell), 112 and pilot stress, 107 rotor shaft torsional vibration, 110 transmission/hull flexible mounts, 110–11 vibration absorbers, 110 Vibration from blades: basic mechanism, 99–101 centrifugal stiffening, 100 with cyclic pitch, 101 downwash effects, 101–2 with flapping bearings, 100 harmonic flapping and dragging, 99–100 hull vibrations, 102–3 Lanchester exciter, 103–4 multi-blade rotors, 105–6 sideband concepts, 103 three-bladed rotors, 104–6 two-bladed rotors, 104 vectorial summation, 103–5 Virtual hinges, 159 Visible flight rules (VFR), 341 VOR beacons/receivers, 262, 318–19 Vortex ring, 81–4 VSI (vertical speed indicator), 275 Warren effect, 66 Water contamination, fuel systems, 220–1 Weathercocking, 172 Weight, 22–4 Weir W-5, 2–3 Westland Lynx, 159, 161 pitch control, 137, 140 speed characteristics, 97 Westland Sea King helicopter: blade folding, 163–5 transmission system, 244–5 Whirling/whirling frequency, 146–52 Windmilling, 80 Winged helicopters, 350–3 Boeing 347 helicopter, 351–3 Sikorsky S-67, 351 Work and energy, 29–31 Y-force, 93, 94 Yaw control/problems: Chinook tandem rotor helicopters, 376 coaxial helicopters, 362–4 synchropter side-by-side rotor helicopters, 366–7 tail problems, 177–9 tandem rotor helicopters, 371 yaw axis control, 20 Zero inflow, 84
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The Art of the Helicopter
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The Art of the Helicopter John Watk
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Contents Preface xi Acknowledgement
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4.12 Feathering 134 4.13 Pitch cont
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8.5 Power management 326 8.6 Flying
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xii Preface reader to make sense of
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1 Introduction to rotorcraft 1.1 Ap
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Introduction to rotorcraft 3 Fig. 1
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Introduction to rotorcraft 9 for th
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Introduction to rotorcraft 11 Fig.
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Introduction to rot
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Fig. 1.18 The contra-rotating coaxi
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Fig. 1.20 The structure of a light
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Introduction to rotorcraft 19 wings
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Introduction to rotorcraft 21 a rot
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Technical background 23 Fig. 2.1 At
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Fig. 2.3 Effect of force on velocit
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C Force A E Resultant (a) Force B (
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(a) (b) Technical background 29 Fig
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Technical background 31 Fig. 2.11 A
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Technical background 33 Fig. 2.12 (
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Technical background 35 If the volu
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Fig. 2.16 The definition of a radia
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Technical background 39 force would
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Technical background 41 Figure 2.20
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Technical background 43 force where
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Technical background 45 the cosine
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Technical background 47 Fig. 2.28 F
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Technical background 49 Fig. 2.30 T
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Technical background 51 centripetal
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2.17 The gyroscope Technical backgr
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Technical background 55 of oscillat
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Technical background 57 the inertia
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Technical background 59 shut down a
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3 Introduction to helicopter dynami
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Introduction to helicopter dynamics
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(a) (c) (b) Introduction to helicop
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Introduction to hel
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Fig. 3.23 Conditions for hover and
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(a) (b) Introduction to helicopter
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(a) (b) Introduction to helicopter
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4.1 Introduction 4 Rotors in practi
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(a) (b) Rotors in practice 119 Fig.
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Rotors in practice 121 Designers of
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Rotors in practice 123 opposite occ
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Rotors in practice 125 Fig. 4.6 (a)
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Rotors in practice 127 assembly tha
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Rotors in practice 129 Pitch change
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× T=c× D Rotors in practice 131 F
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Rotors in practice 133 In a real he
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Rotors in practice 135 Fig. 4.15 Va
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(a) (b) Rotors in practice 137 Fig.
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Rotors in practice 139 Fig. 4.18 Th
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Rotors in practice 141 swashplate a
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Fig. 4.23 A fixed-pitch tilting hea
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Rotors in practice 145 Fig. 4.25 Bl
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Rotors in practice 147 Fig. 4.27 Ef
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Rotors in practice 149 Fig. 4.29 (a
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Rotors in practice 151 concerned ar
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Rotors in practice 153 and lag damp
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Rotors in practice 155 disappears a
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(d) (e) (f) Rotors in practice 157
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Rotors in practice 159 hull and a v
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Rotors in practice 161 Fig. 4.35 (C
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Rotors in practice 163 Abrasion is
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Rotors in practice 165 There are so
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eing more visible to ground personn
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otates the rod in the screw thread.
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In the case of a rotor having offse
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The tail rotor designer is faced wi
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Fig. 5.5 A right-side wrong-directi
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centre of mass. The solution was to
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safe to start the rotors. However,
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Fig. 5.10 Tail plane locations: (a)
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Fig. 5.12 (a) A top-mounted fin is
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Fig. 5.14 (a) Main rotor lateral ro
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long. The cross-section of the duct
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drag. However, the slots are emitti
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6 Engines and transmissions The pow
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Engines and transmissions 193 the D
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(a) (b) Engines and transmissions 1
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(a) (b) (c) Engines and transmissio
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Fig. 6.5 A typical horizontally opp
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Engines and transmissions 201 the v
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Engines and transmissions 203 The c
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6.9 The oil system Engines and tran
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Engines and transmissions 207 (non-
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(a) (b) Engines and transmissions 2
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Engines and transmissions 211 a hot
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Engines and transmissions 213 Fig.
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Engines and transmissions 215 In wa
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Engines and transmissions 217 is a
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Engines and transmissions 221 own t
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Fig. 6.16 The complex fuel system o
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Engines and transmissions 233 and c
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Engines and transmissions 237 Sensi
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Engines and transmissions 243 the A
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Fig. 6.37 Displays which may be see
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Engines and transmissions 251 slipr
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Engines and transmissions 253 a fau
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Engines and transmissions 255 resul
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Engines and transmissions 257 The p
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Fig. 7.1 (a) A minimal control loop
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Fig. 7.2 (a) When attitude conditio
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fixed point in the hover despite ex
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(a) (b) Fig. 7.4 (a) The earth beha
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7.4 Compass errors A magnetic compa
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In most cases the machine will have
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Fig. 7.7 The remote indicator for a
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is set by the use of a control knob
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Fig. 7.11 The VSI (vertical speed i
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Fig. 7.13 A chaser system which all
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e modified if the gyro is in a movi
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must be in steady flight when the D
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arranged on opposite sides of the p
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Fig. 7.19 The turn indicator is spr
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7.17 Airflow-sensing devices The he
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Fig. 7.24 Using RADAR signals. At (
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Fig. 7.27 Transducers used in signa
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Fig. 7.28 In PCM or digital signall
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(a) Fig. 7.30 Using slicing and rec
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Fig. 7.33 The false codes created i
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Fig. 7.35 In a pure binary system,
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Fig. 7.38 Producing two’s complem
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Fig. 7.40 A power-assisted hydrauli
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Fig. 7.42 An electro-hydraulic valv
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path axis and the flybar axis diver
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and autostabilization, it also prov
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Fig. 7.47 The Lockheed gyrobar syst
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Fig. 7.49 In the Lockheed AMCS, the
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Fig. 7.50 With the autopilot diseng
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or without the AFCS. Systems of thi
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Thus if a VOR receiver detected a 9
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7.29 Fault tolerance In feedback sy
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8 Helicopter performance 8.1 Introd
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Helicopter performance 325 column i
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Helicopter performance 327 Fig. 8.1
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Helicopter performance 329 to skid
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(a) (b) Helicopter performance 331
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Helicopter performance 333 Fig. 8.7
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8.7 Climbingand descending Helicopt
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Helicopter performance 337 In the c
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Page 356 and 357: 8.10 Stability Helicopter performan
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Page 362 and 363: 9 Other types of rotorcraft Althoug
Page 364 and 365: Other types of rotorcraft 349 De la
Page 366 and 367: Other types of rotorcraft 351 Fig.
Page 368 and 369: Other types of rotorcraft 353 incre
Page 370 and 371: Other types of rotorcraft 355 and c
Page 372 and 373: Fig. 9.7 The Bell-Boeing Osprey til
Page 374 and 375: (a) (b) Other types of rotorcraft 3
Page 380 and 381: Other types of rotorcraft 365 a low
Page 382 and 383: Other types of rotorcraft 367 the y
Page 386 and 387: Other types of rotorcraft 371 the r
Page 388 and 389: Other types of rotorcraft 373 For e
Page 394 and 395: Acceleration: and force, 22-5 and v
Page 396 and 397: Convertiplane, 11-12, 355-8 Bell-Bo
Page 398 and 399: tanks, 219-20 turbine engines, 237-
Page 400 and 401: Lockheed flybar system, 309-13 AMCS
Page 402 and 403: centrifugal stiffening, 71, 100 and
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