The Art of the Helicopter John Watkinson - Karatunov.net

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4.12 Feathering 134 4.13 Pitch control 136 4.14 Cyclic trim 141 4.15 Tilting heads 142 4.16 Dragging dynamics 143 4.17 Ground resonance 145 4.18 Air resonance 152 4.19 Dynamic rollover 153 4.20 Some rotor head examples 155 4.21 Blade construction 162 4.22 Blade tracking 163 4.23 Blade folding 163 Reference 165 5 The tail 166 5.1 Introduction 166 5.2 Balancing the torque 169 5.3 The conventional tail rotor 171 5.4 Tail rotor location 173 5.5 Tail rotor performance 177 5.6 The tail plane 179 5.7 The stabilator 181 5.8 Fins 182 5.9 The tail boom 184 5.10 The fenestron 186 5.11 NOTAR 187 5.12 Tail rotor failure 189 6 Engines and transmissions 191 6.1 Introduction 191 6.2 Choice of engine 191 6.3 A piston-engine installation 193 6.4 A turbine installation 194 6.5 Correlators and governors 195 6.6 The gasoline engine 198 6.7 The ignition system 201 6.8 The starter 204 6.9 The oil system 205 6.10 The carburettor 207 6.11 Fuel injection 210 6.12 The turbocharger 211 6.13 Gasoline engine instruments 214 6.14 The aeroDiesel 216 6.15 The uniflow Diesel 217 6.16 Cooling systems 219 6.17 The fuel system 219 6.18 The turbine engine 223 6.19 Compressors 226 6.20 Combustion 228 6.21 Power turbines 230 Contents vii
viii Contents 6.22 The turbine oil system 232 6.23 Turbine fuel control 233 6.24 FADEC 235 6.25 Turbine instruments 237 6.26 Fuel management 237 6.27 The transmission 238 6.28 Multi-engine transmissions 243 6.29 Transmission instruments 244 6.30 The helicopter rev counter 246 6.31 Tip jets 247 6.32 The electrical system 250 6.33 Hydraulic systems 253 6.34 HUMS 257 7 Control 258 7.1 Introduction 258 7.2 Flight sensors 263 7.3 The magnetic compass 264 7.4 Compass errors 267 7.5 The flux gate compass 269 7.6 Pressure instruments 271 7.7 The altimeter 271 7.8 The vertical speed indicator 275 7.9 The airspeed indicator 275 7.10 Airspeed and altitude sensing 276 7.11 Gyroscopic instruments 277 7.12 The direction indicator 279 7.13 The gyromagnetic compass 281 7.14 The artificial horizon 282 7.15 The turn and slip indicator 284 7.16 Attitude sensing 286 7.17 Airflow-sensing devices 287 7.18 RADAR sensors 288 7.19 Control signalling 290 7.20 Digital signalling 292 7.21 Power-assisted controls 302 7.22 Fully powered systems 303 7.23 Stability augmentation 305 7.24 The Bell bar 305 7.25 The Hiller system 308 7.26 The Lockheed systems 309 7.27 Autopilots and AFCS 313 7.28 Coupled systems 318 7.29 Fault tolerance 321 8 Helicopter performance 323 8.1 Introduction 323 8.2 The atmosphere 324 8.3 International Standard Atmosphere 325 8.4 Pressure and density altitude 325
Page 2 and 3: The Art of the Helicopter
Page 4 and 5: The Art of the Helicopter John Watk
Page 6 and 7: Contents Preface xi Acknowledgement
Page 10: 8.5 Power management 326 8.6 Flying
Page 13 and 14: xii Preface reader to make sense of
Page 16 and 17: 1 Introduction to rotorcraft 1.1 Ap
Page 18 and 19: Introduction to rotorcraft 3 Fig. 1
Page 24 and 25: Introduction to rotorcraft 9 for th
Page 26 and 27: Introduction to rotorcraft 11 Fig.
Page 28 and 29: (a) (b) (c) (d) Introduction to rot
Page 30 and 31: Fig. 1.18 The contra-rotating coaxi
Page 32 and 33: Fig. 1.20 The structure of a light
Page 34 and 35: Introduction to rotorcraft 19 wings
Page 36 and 37: Introduction to rotorcraft 21 a rot
Page 38 and 39: Technical background 23 Fig. 2.1 At
Page 40 and 41: Fig. 2.3 Effect of force on velocit
Page 42 and 43: C Force A E Resultant (a) Force B (
Page 44 and 45: (a) (b) Technical background 29 Fig
Page 46 and 47: Technical background 31 Fig. 2.11 A
Page 48 and 49: Technical background 33 Fig. 2.12 (
Page 50 and 51: Technical background 35 If the volu
Page 52 and 53: Fig. 2.16 The definition of a radia
Page 54 and 55: Technical background 39 force would
Page 56 and 57: Technical background 41 Figure 2.20
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Technical background 43 force where
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Technical background 45 the cosine
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Technical background 47 Fig. 2.28 F
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Technical background 49 Fig. 2.30 T
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Technical background 51 centripetal
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2.17 The gyroscope Technical backgr
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Technical background 55 of oscillat
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Technical background 57 the inertia
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Technical background 59 shut down a
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3 Introduction to helicopter dynami
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Introduction to helicopter dynamics
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Page 88 and 89:
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(a) (c) (b) Introduction to helicop
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(a) (b) (c) (d) Introduction to hel
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Fig. 3.23 Conditions for hover and
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(a) (b) Introduction to helicopter
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(a) (b) Introduction to helicopter
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4.1 Introduction 4 Rotors in practi
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(a) (b) Rotors in practice 119 Fig.
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Rotors in practice 121 Designers of
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Rotors in practice 123 opposite occ
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Rotors in practice 125 Fig. 4.6 (a)
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Rotors in practice 127 assembly tha
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Rotors in practice 129 Pitch change
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× T=c× D Rotors in practice 131 F
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Rotors in practice 133 In a real he
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Rotors in practice 135 Fig. 4.15 Va
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(a) (b) Rotors in practice 137 Fig.
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Rotors in practice 139 Fig. 4.18 Th
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Rotors in practice 141 swashplate a
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Fig. 4.23 A fixed-pitch tilting hea
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Rotors in practice 145 Fig. 4.25 Bl
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Rotors in practice 147 Fig. 4.27 Ef
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Rotors in practice 149 Fig. 4.29 (a
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Rotors in practice 151 concerned ar
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Rotors in practice 153 and lag damp
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Rotors in practice 155 disappears a
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(d) (e) (f) Rotors in practice 157
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Rotors in practice 159 hull and a v
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Rotors in practice 161 Fig. 4.35 (C
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Rotors in practice 163 Abrasion is
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Rotors in practice 165 There are so
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eing more visible to ground personn
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otates the rod in the screw thread.
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In the case of a rotor having offse
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The tail rotor designer is faced wi
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Fig. 5.5 A right-side wrong-directi
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centre of mass. The solution was to
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safe to start the rotors. However,
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Fig. 5.10 Tail plane locations: (a)
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Fig. 5.12 (a) A top-mounted fin is
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Fig. 5.14 (a) Main rotor lateral ro
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long. The cross-section of the duct
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drag. However, the slots are emitti
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6 Engines and transmissions The pow
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Engines and transmissions 193 the D
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(a) (b) Engines and transmissions 1
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(a) (b) (c) Engines and transmissio
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Fig. 6.5 A typical horizontally opp
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Engines and transmissions 201 the v
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Engines and transmissions 203 The c
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6.9 The oil system Engines and tran
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Engines and transmissions 207 (non-
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(a) (b) Engines and transmissions 2
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Engines and transmissions 211 a hot
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Engines and transmissions 213 Fig.
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Engines and transmissions 215 In wa
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Engines and transmissions 217 is a
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Engines and transmissions 221 own t
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Fig. 6.16 The complex fuel system o
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Engines and transmissions 233 and c
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Engines and transmissions 237 Sensi
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Engines and transmissions 243 the A
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Fig. 6.37 Displays which may be see
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Engines and transmissions 251 slipr
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Engines and transmissions 253 a fau
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Engines and transmissions 255 resul
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Engines and transmissions 257 The p
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Fig. 7.1 (a) A minimal control loop
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Fig. 7.2 (a) When attitude conditio
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fixed point in the hover despite ex
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(a) (b) Fig. 7.4 (a) The earth beha
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7.4 Compass errors A magnetic compa
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In most cases the machine will have
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Fig. 7.7 The remote indicator for a
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is set by the use of a control knob
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Fig. 7.11 The VSI (vertical speed i
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Fig. 7.13 A chaser system which all
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e modified if the gyro is in a movi
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must be in steady flight when the D
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arranged on opposite sides of the p
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Fig. 7.19 The turn indicator is spr
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7.17 Airflow-sensing devices The he
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Fig. 7.24 Using RADAR signals. At (
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Fig. 7.27 Transducers used in signa
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Fig. 7.28 In PCM or digital signall
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(a) Fig. 7.30 Using slicing and rec
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Fig. 7.33 The false codes created i
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Fig. 7.35 In a pure binary system,
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Fig. 7.38 Producing two’s complem
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Fig. 7.40 A power-assisted hydrauli
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Fig. 7.42 An electro-hydraulic valv
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path axis and the flybar axis diver
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and autostabilization, it also prov
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Fig. 7.47 The Lockheed gyrobar syst
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Fig. 7.49 In the Lockheed AMCS, the
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Fig. 7.50 With the autopilot diseng
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or without the AFCS. Systems of thi
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Thus if a VOR receiver detected a 9
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7.29 Fault tolerance In feedback sy
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8 Helicopter performance 8.1 Introd
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Helicopter performance 325 column i
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Helicopter performance 327 Fig. 8.1
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Helicopter performance 329 to skid
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(a) (b) Helicopter performance 331
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Helicopter performance 333 Fig. 8.7
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8.7 Climbingand descending Helicopt
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Helicopter performance 337 In the c
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Helicopter performance 339 of its c
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8.10 Stability Helicopter performan
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Fig. 8.13 The origin of pitchup ins
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Helicopter performance 345 moment f
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9 Other types of rotorcraft Althoug
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Other types of rotorcraft 349 De la
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Other types of rotorcraft 351 Fig.
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Other types of rotorcraft 353 incre
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Other types of rotorcraft 355 and c
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Fig. 9.7 The Bell-Boeing Osprey til
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(a) (b) Other types of rotorcraft 3
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Other types of rotorcraft 365 a low
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Other types of rotorcraft 367 the y
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Other types of rotorcraft 371 the r
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Other types of rotorcraft 373 For e
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Acceleration: and force, 22-5 and v
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Convertiplane, 11-12, 355-8 Bell-Bo
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tanks, 219-20 turbine engines, 237-
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Lockheed flybar system, 309-13 AMCS
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centrifugal stiffening, 71, 100 and
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tail/main rotor interaction, 173 te
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