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Primary Sleep Disorders 151 8. Bradley, T. D., McNicholas, W., Rutherford, R., et al. (1986) Clinical and physiological heterogeneity of the central sleep apnea syndrome. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 134, 217–221. 9. Lavigne, G. and Montplaisir, J. (1994) Restless legs syndrome and sleep bruxism: prevalence and association among Canadians. Sleep 17, 739–743. 10. Montplaisir, J.,Boucher, S., Poirer, G., Lavigne, G., Lapierre, O., and Lesperance, P. (1996) Clinical polysomnographic and genetic characteristics of restless legs syndrome: a study of 133 patients diagnosed with new standard criteria. Mov. Disord. 12, 61–65. 11. Coleman, R., Bliwise, D., Sajben, N., et al. (1988) Epidemiology of periodic movements during sleep. In: Sleep/Wake Disorders, Natural History, Epidemiology and Long Term Evolution (Guilleminault, C. and Lugaresi. E., eds.), Raven Press, New York, NY, 217–229. 12. Coleman, R., Pollak, C., and Weitzman, E. (1980) Periodic movements in sleep (nocturnal myoclonus): relation to sleep disorders. Ann. Neurol. 8, 416–421. 13. Dement, W., Zarcone, V., Varner, V., et al. (1972) The prevalence of narcolepsy. Sleep Res. 1, 148. 14. Bassetti, C. and Aldrich, M. (1996) Narcolepsy. Neurol. Clin. 14, 545–571. 15. Billard, M., Besset, A., and Cadilhac, J. (1983) The clinical and polygraphic development of narcolepsy. In: Sleep/Wake Disorders: Natural History, Epidemiology and Long Term Evolution (Builleminault, C. and Lugaresi, E., eds.), Raven Press, New York, NY, 187–199. 16. Stepansky, R., Holzinger, B., Schmeiser-Rieder, A., et al. (1998) Austrian dream behavior: results of a representative population survey. Dreaming 8, 23–30. 17. Ohayon, M., Morselli, P., and Guilleminault, C. (1997) Prevalence of nightmares and their relationship to psychopathology and daytime functioning in insomnia subjects. Sleep 20, 340–348. 18. Bastien, C. H. and Morin, C. M. (2000) Familial incidence of insomnia. J. Sleep Res. 9, 49–54. 19. Remmers, J., deGroot, W., Sauerland, E., et al. (1978) Pathogenesis of upper airway occlusion during sleep. J. Appl. Physiol. 44, 931–938. 20. Kock, N., Culjkovic, B., Maniak, S., et al. (2002) Mode of inheritance and susceptibility locus for restless legs syndrome, on chromosome 12q. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 71, 205–208. 21. Ondo, W. and Jankovic, J. (1996) Restless legs syndrome: clincoetiologic correlates. Neurology 47, 1435–1441. 22. Sandyk, R., Bernick, C., Lee, S., et al. (1987) L-dopa in uremic patients with the restless legs syndrome. Int. J. Neurosci. 35, 233–235. 23. Matthews, W. (1986) Iron deficiency and restless legs. Br. Med. J. 1, 898. 24. Heimen, E. and Christie, M. (1986) Lithium-aggravated nocturnal myoclonus and restless legs syndrome. Am. J. Psychiatry 143, 1191–1192. 25. Ware, J., Brown, F., Moorad, P., et al. (1984) Nocturnal myoclonus and tricyclic antidepressants. Sleep Res. 13, 72. 26. Bakshi, R. (1996) Fluoxetine and restless legs syndrome. J. Neurol. Sci. 142, 151–152. 27. Mendelson, W. (1996) Are periodic leg movements associated with clinical sleep disturbance. Sleep 19, 219–223. 28. Montplaisir, J., Nicolas, A., Denesle, R., and Gomez-Mancilla, B. (1999) Restless legs syndrome imiproved by pramipexole: a double-blind randomized trial. Neurology 52, 938–943. 29. Lin, L., Faraco, J., Li, R., et al. (1999) The sleep disorder canine narcolepsy is caused by a mutation in the hypocretin (orexin) receptor 2 gene. Cell 98, 409–412. 30. Chemelli, R., Willie, J., Sinton, C., et al. (1999) Narcolepsy in orexin knockout mice: molecular genetics of sleep regulation. Cell 98, 409–412. 31. Ripley, B., Overeem, S., Fujiki, N., et al. (2001) CSF hypocretin/orexin levels in narcolepsy and other neurological conditions. Neurology 57, 2253–2258. 32. Peyron, C., Faraco, J., Rogers, W., et al. (2000) A mutation in a case of early onset narcolepsy and a generalized absence of hypocretin peptides in human narcoleptic brains. Nat. Med. 6, 991–997. 33. John, J., Wu, M., and Siegel, J. (2000) Systemic administration of hypocretin-1 reduces cataplexy and normalizes sleep and waking durations in narcoleptic dogs. Sleep Research Online 3, 23–28.
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Clinical Handbook of Insomnia Edite
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C URRENT CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Daniel
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© 2004 Humana Press Inc. 999 River
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Series Editor’s Introduction The
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x Foreword nervous system hypersomn
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Contents Series Editor’s Introduc
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Contributors HRAYR P. ATTARIAN, MD
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2 Attarian et al.
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4 Attarian et al. until the 1970s t
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6 Attarian et al. Table 2 Diagnosti
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8 Attarian et al. Duration of Illne
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10 Attarian et al. REFERENCES 1. Ma
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12 Attarian Another study in Austri
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14 Attarian even less well studied.
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16 Attarian communities. A structur
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18 Attarian 5. Sutton, D. A., Moldo
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20 Attarian 53. Kageyama, T., Kabut
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22 Attarian
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24 Bonnet and Arand Table 1 Reporte
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26 Bonnet and Arand On the day spen
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28 Bonnet and Arand SUMMARY These m
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30 Bonnet and Arand chronic caffein
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32 Bonnet and Arand response that a
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34 Bonnet and Arand The Development
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36 Bonnet and Arand ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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38 Bonnet and Arand 45. Bonnet, M.
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40 Attarian Table 1 Types of Insomn
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42 Attarian 15 to 40 seconds. PLMs
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44 Fig. 1. Example of a 1-week slee
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46 Fig. 3. One-week printout of an
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48 Attarian Fig. 4. Algorithm. (Use
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50 Attarian 27. Polo-Kantola, P., E
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52 Garcia
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54 Garcia association is known as s
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56 Fig. 1. A sleep log used in chil
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58 Garcia the reality that the tend
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60 Fig. 2. Actigraph recording in a
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62 Garcia neurodevelopmental disabi
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64 Garcia 35. Czeisler, C., kronaue
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66 Garcia
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68 Attarian showed similar degrees
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70 Attarian agitation and hence the
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72 Attarian Affective disorder is s
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74 Attarian and Drug Administration
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76 Fig. 2. Sleep log after treatmen
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78 Attarian 18. Bonnet, M. H. and A
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80 Attarian 65. Perlis, M., Aloia,
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82 Attarian was confirmed by resear
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84 Attarian times worrying about th
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86 Attarian insomnia or for other s
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88 Attarian
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90 Duntley tion systems found that
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92 Duntley Case 1 A 36-year-old fem
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94 Fig. 2. The objective amount of
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96 Duntley PROGNOSIS AND COMPLICATI
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98 Duntley
Page 117 and 118: 100 Attarian EPIDEMIOLOGY There are
Page 119 and 120: 102 Attarian CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
Page 121 and 122: 104 Attarian DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP The
Page 123 and 124: 106 Attarian 13. Hauri, P. J. (1998
Page 125 and 126: 108 Plotkin
Page 127 and 128: 110 Plotkin quality of sleep. Ultim
Page 129 and 130: 112 Plotkin of the therapeutic effi
Page 131 and 132: 114 Plotkin months or years. The ef
Page 133 and 134: 116 Plotkin associated somatic disc
Page 135 and 136: 118 Plotkin Table 1 Causes of Secon
Page 137 and 138: 120 Plotkin Table 1 (continued) Lew
Page 139 and 140: 122 Plotkin REFERENCES 1. Foley, D.
Page 141 and 142: 124 Plotkin 48. Marchetti, F., Rome
Page 143 and 144: 126 Plotkin
Page 145 and 146: 128 Karaz Table 1 DSM-IV Diagnoses
Page 147 and 148: 130 Karaz poor. Focusing only on th
Page 149 and 150: 132 Karaz He felt hopeless that his
Page 151 and 152: 134 Karaz Table 4 Diagnostic Criter
Page 153 and 154: 136 Karaz complained of feeling anx
Page 155 and 156: 138 Karaz other physicians avoided
Page 157 and 158: 140 Karaz 17. Attarian, H. P. (2000
Page 159 and 160: 142 Duntley disorders has been conf
Page 161 and 162: 144 Duntley itance. A recent study
Page 163 and 164: 146 Duntley The patient’s primary
Page 165 and 166: 148 Duntley return to sleep. He tos
Page 167: 150 Duntley Treatment of RLS should
Page 171 and 172: 154 Perlis et al.
Page 173 and 174: 156 Perlis et al. Fig. 1. A schemat
Page 175 and 176: 158 Perlis et al. ditioned arousal
Page 177 and 178: 160 Perlis et al. subjected to empi
Page 179 and 180: 162 Perlis et al. effect), (3) may
Page 181 and 182: 164 Perlis et al. Cognitive Therapy
Page 183 and 184: 166 Perlis et al. Table 2 Cognitive
Page 185 and 186: 168 Perlis et al. Perhaps more impo
Page 187 and 188: 170 Perlis et al. 28. Carskadon, M.
Page 189 and 190: 172 Perlis et al.
Page 191 and 192: 174 Attarian Secondary Insomnias Re
Page 193 and 194: 176 Attarian 50 years of age who sl
Page 195 and 196: 178 Attarian Antidepressants Becaus
Page 197 and 198: 180 Attarian The use of benzodiazep
Page 199 and 200: 182 Attarian to placebo. Zaleplon a
Page 201 and 202: 184 Attarian 3. Wyatt, R. J., Engel
Page 203 and 204: 186 Attarian residual sedation foll
Page 205 and 206: 188 Index Clonidine, 183 CNS arousa
Page 207 and 208: 190 Index Proton pump inhibitors, 1
Page 209: Current Clinical Neurology CLINICAL
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