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Psychophysiological <strong>Insomnia</strong> 77<br />

concentrating. Overall, during the day she feels fatigued, but does not nap<br />

and does not fall asleep unintentionally during the day. She states that she has<br />

been a light sleeper for most of her life but cannot remember a particular<br />

event that triggered the insomnia 10 years earlier. She has a positive family<br />

history of insomnia in two siblings.<br />

She was asked to keep sleep diaries for two weeks and bring them in during<br />

her followup visit. (Figure 1 reproduces one of those logs.)<br />

She was placed on a nightly dose of temazepam and also on a sleep restriction<br />

consolidation program restricting her time in bed to 5 hours. She was<br />

also asked to continue keeping sleep logs and fax them in every 3 weeks, at<br />

which point her time in bed would be adjusted according to her overall sleep<br />

efficiency.<br />

Six months after she was averaging 7–8 hours of sleep at night, she was<br />

gradually tapered off the temazepam. Figure 2 illustrates one of her last sleep<br />

logs after the discontinuation of the temazepam.<br />

REFERENCES<br />

1. American Sleep Disorders Association. (1997) International classification of sleep disorders:<br />

diagnostic and coding manual. American Sleep Disorders Association, Rochester, MN.<br />

2. American Psychiatric Association. (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders<br />

(4th ed.). American Psychiatric Association, Washington DC.<br />

3. Bettolo, A. (1931) L’insonnia e sua importanza clinica: le sue cause predisponenti e determinanti,<br />

i suoi caratteri nelle diverse malattie, la sua importanza prognostica ed il suo trattamento generale<br />

e speciale. Studium 21, 54–65.<br />

4. Strauss, E. (1948) <strong>Insomnia</strong>. St. Barts Hosp. J. 52, 163–168.<br />

5. Association of Sleep Disorders Centers. (1979) Disorders Centers. Diagnostic classification of<br />

sleep and arousal disorders (1st ed.). Sleep 2, 1–137.<br />

6. Hauri, P. J. (1983) A cluster analysis of insomnia. Sleep 6(4), 326–338.<br />

7. Hauri, P. and Fisher, J. (1986) Persistent psychophysiologic (learned) insomnia. Sleep 9(1), 38–53.<br />

8. Buysse, D. J., Reynolds, C. F., III, Kupfer, D. J., et al. (1994) Clinical diagnoses in 216 insomnia<br />

patients using the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD), DSM-IV and ICD-10<br />

categories: a report from the APA/NIMH DSM-IV Field Trial. Sleep 17(7), 630–637.<br />

9. Edinger, J. D., Fins, A. I., Goeke, J. M., et al. (1996) The empirical identification of insomnia<br />

subtypes: a cluster analytic approach. Sleep 19(5), 398–411.<br />

10. Sateia, M. J., Doghramji, K., Hauri, P. J., and Morin, C. M. (2000) Evaluation of chronic insomnia.<br />

An American Academy of Sleep Medicine review. Sleep 23(2), 243–308.<br />

11. Spielman, A. J., Nunes, J., and Glovinsky, P. B. (1996) <strong>Insomnia</strong>. Neurol. Clin. 14(3), 513–543.<br />

12. Bonnet, M. H. and Arand, D. L. (1999) Diagnosis and treatment of insomnia. Respir. Care Clin.<br />

N. Am. 5(3), 333–348.<br />

13. Bastien, C. H. and Morin, C. M. (2000) Familial incidence of insomnia. J. Sleep Res. 9(1), 49–54.<br />

14. Bonnet, M. H. and Arand, D. L. (1995) 24-hour metabolic rate in insomniacs and matched normal<br />

sleepers. Sleep 18(7), 581–588.<br />

15. Pavlova, M., Berg, O., Gleason, R., Walker, F., Roberts, S., and Regestein, Q. (2001) Self-reported<br />

hyperarousal traits among insomnia patients. J. Psychosom. Res. 51(2), 435–441.<br />

16. Bonnet, M. H. and Arand, D. L. (1998) Heart rate variability in insomniacs and matched normal<br />

sleepers. Psychosom. Med. 60(5), 610–615.<br />

17. Lushington, K., Dawson, D., and Lack, L. (2000) Core body temperature is elevated during constant<br />

wakefulness in elderly poor sleepers. Sleep 23(4), 504–510.

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