Insomnia Insomnia
Insomnia Insomnia
Insomnia Insomnia
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Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy 155<br />
From: Curent Clinical Neurology: Clinical Handbook of <strong>Insomnia</strong><br />
Edited by: H. P. Attarian © Humana Press Inc., Totowa, NJ<br />
155<br />
13<br />
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for <strong>Insomnia</strong><br />
Michael L. Perlis, Michael T. Smith, Carla R. Jungquist,<br />
Sara Nowakowski, Henry Orff, and James Soeffing<br />
INTRODUCTION<br />
This chapter provides an overview of how primary insomnia is assessed and<br />
treated using cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT). Additionally, we provide some<br />
upfront information that reviews the CBTs regarding the etiology of chronic<br />
insomnia and some follow-up information of the efficacy of CBT for insomnia.<br />
The former is provided so that the reader may appreciate the principles on which<br />
CBT is founded. The latter is provided so that the reader may appreciate the extent<br />
to which CBT for insomnia has been empirically validated.<br />
THEORETICAL PERPSECTIVES ON INSOMNIA<br />
Behavioral Perspective<br />
Since the late 1980s, insomnia has largely been conceptualized from within a<br />
behavioral framework. The original model was proposed by Spielman and colleagues<br />
and it continues to be the leading theory for both sleep medicine and the<br />
subspecialty area of behavioral sleep medicine (1). As illustrated in Fig. 1, the<br />
behavioral model posits that insomnia occurs acutely in relation to both predisposing<br />
(trait) and precipitating (state) factors and occurs chronically in relation to perpetuating<br />
or maintaining factors. Thus, an individual may be prone to insomnia due<br />
to trait characteristics, experience acute episodes because of precipitating events,<br />
and have chronic insomnia owing to a variety of perpetuating factors.<br />
With respect to trait factors, personality characteristics (2,3), physiological<br />
arousal (2,3), and genetic predisposition (4) are each thought to contribute to predispose<br />
the individual to acute episodes of insomnia. Typical precipitating events<br />
(which represent stressors within the larger stress diathesis model of disease)<br />
include situational stress (5), acute injury or pain, bereavement, and so on. Perpetuating<br />
factors, as the term implies, maintain the chronic form of the disorder even