Establecimiento de cuatro especies de Quercus en el sur de la ...

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Reforestation with Quercus ilex L. and Q. suber L. by direct seeding and planting in southern Spain both traits being closely related to RGR (Cornelissen et al., 1996; Ruiz‐Robleto and Villar, 2005). In fact, SLA and RGR decreased with age, which was to be expected since younger seedlings need to develop more leaves and have higher photosynthetic rates in order to reach the growth potential they require for successful establishment. Increased SLA values are suggestive of rapid production of biomass, as are low values of efficient conservation of nutrients (Poorter and Garnier, 1999) and water (Poorter et al., 2009). On the other hand, the more conservative strategy of the older seedlings could be successful under extremely dry or stressing conditions. Thus, under conditions of high evaporative demand and low water availability, large seedlings may undergo more marked reductions in growth and conductance than small seedlings (Stewart and Bernier, 1995; Lamhamedi et al., 1998), as we indeed found here. Moreover, older oak seedlings had lower LMF values at both harvests. Finally, leaf dieback has been noted as a response to high water stress by reducing passive water losses (Vilagrosa et al., 2003) and may have been the specific strategy adopted by our 3‐year‐old oak seedlings. CONCLUSIONS Two different afforestation techniques (viz. direct seeding and planting) and two seedling ages (1‐year‐old seedlings and 3‐year‐old seedlings) were found to result in differential plant survival rates. Each method, however, has some advantages. Thus, seeding costs less than planting 1‐year‐old seedlings and results in higher survival rates; by contrast, planting 3‐year‐old seedlings shortens the vegetative period in the field. Seeding remains an effective alternative to planting, especially when planting nursery seedlings is subject to some limitation or support for afforestation activities is required. Success rates for direct‐seeded plants can be raised by using large acorns. Regarding plant size, although 3‐year‐old seedlings of Q. ilex exhibited decreased survival rates, this method has the potential advantage that it shortens the plant juvenile period. However, it requires using large containers, which increases costs. 150
Capítulo 5 Large seedlings grown in small containers undergo root deformation and are exposed to increased water stress, which diminish stomatal conductance and RGR rates. Acknowledgements This study was supported by grant FPI‐MEC, awarded to V.G‐R (BES‐2006‐ 13059), and by the coordinated Spanish MEC Project DINAMED (CGL2005‐05830‐C03‐ 02/BOS), INTERBOS (CGL2008‐04503‐CO3‐02) and FEDER funds. We thank “Viveros San Jerónimo” (Consejería de Medio Ambiente de Andalucía, Spain) for providing the studied plants. We also wish to thank José Manuel Quero, Pedro Lara, Fernando Puig and Bartolomé Arévalo for facilitating seed collection in the Parque Natural Sierra de Cardeña and Montoro (Córdoba, Spain). Our research group is a member of the GLOBIMED network on forest ecology. 151
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Establecimiento de cuatro especies
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M. Victoria González Rodríguez Á
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“Cuando observo un bosque que qui
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INTRODUCCIÓN GENERAL
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Introducción general plántulas (o
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Introducción general Peso semilla
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Introducción general Ya sea para s
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Introducción general 2) Explorar l
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Introducción general ASPECTOS NOVE
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MÉTODOS GENERALES
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Métodos ombroclima sub‐húmedo.
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Métodos conservación gracias el p
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Métodos distintas adaptaciones y r
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Métodos estoloniferos, siendo más
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CAPÍTULO 1 Depredación post‐dis
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Capítulo 1 ABSTRACT In the Iberian
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Capítulo 1 2004; Baraloto et al.,
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Capítulo 1 Toma de datos En cada u
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Capítulo 1 mediante anova de un fa
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Capítulo 1 Depredación fuera del
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Capítulo 1 Remoción (%) 100 80 60
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Capítulo 1 Por otro lado, los pina
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Capítulo 1 producción de bellotas
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CAPÍTULO 2 Maternal influences on
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Capítulo 2 RESUMEN El peso de una
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Capítulo 2 deeper layers of the so
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Capítulo 2 Plant cultivation In De
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Capítulo 2 variables. SMA techniqu
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Capítulo 2 A log 10 used reserve (
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Capítulo 2 Testing the three hypot
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Maternal influences on seed‐mass
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SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX Appendix S1. Re
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CAPÍTULO 3 Spatial and temporal he
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Capítulo 3 RESUMEN La gran heterog
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Capítulo 3 aggregation; on the oth
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Capítulo 3 Q. faginea exhibited th
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Capítulo 3 July measurements were
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Capítulo 3 distribution were devel
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Capítulo 3 Table 3. Emergence and
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Capítulo 3 Figure 2. Maps of clust
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Capítulo 3 Herb production in plot
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Capítulo 3 1,4 1,2 Q. ilex 1,4 1,2
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Capítulo 3 DISCUSSION Environmenta
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Capítulo 3 conclusions have been r
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Capítulo 3 environmental condition
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Page 103 and 104: Appendix S2. Means, standard deviat
Page 105 and 106: CAPÍTULO 4 Whithin population vari
Page 107 and 108: Capítulo 4 RESUMEN La regeneració
Page 109 and 110: Capítulo 4 environmental constrain
Page 111 and 112: Capítulo 4 (pag 29). In order to c
Page 113 and 114: Capítulo 4 all non‐destructive s
Page 115 and 116: Capítulo 4 In addition, to explore
Page 117 and 118: Capítulo 4 Time to emergence was d
Page 119 and 120: Capítulo 4 seedlings with summer i
Page 121 and 122: Capítulo 4 For non‐irrigated see
Page 123 and 124: Capítulo 4 For all four oak specie
Page 125 and 126: Capítulo 4 environmental extremes.
Page 127 and 128: Capítulo 4 longer roots and thus r
Page 129 and 130: Capítulo 4 Within‐population var
Page 131 and 132: Capítulo 4 SUPPLEMENTARY INDEX App
Page 133 and 134: CAPÍTULO 5 Reforestation with Quer
Page 135 and 136: Capítulo 5 RESUMEN La limitada cap
Page 137 and 138: Capítulo 5 seeding (Bullard et al.
Page 139 and 140: Capítulo 5 Lamhamedi et al., 1998)
Page 141 and 142: Capítulo 5 a b T (ºC) 35 30 25 20
Page 143 and 144: Capítulo 5 At the end of September
Page 145 and 146: Capítulo 5 Table 2. Percent surviv
Page 147 and 148: Capítulo 5 except for the 3‐year
Page 149 and 150: Capítulo 5 DISCUSSION In this stud
Page 151: Capítulo 5 root/shoots ratios in 3
Page 155 and 156: DISCUSIÓN GENERAL
Page 157 and 158: Discusión general que la emergenci
Page 159 and 160: Discusión general En resumen, y al
Page 161 and 162: Discusión general profundas que va
Page 163 and 164: Discusión general carácter caduci
Page 165 and 166: Discusión general tanto las plánt
Page 167 and 168: Discusión general específico y el
Page 169 and 170: Discusión general Aparicio et al.,
Page 171 and 172: Discusión general B) Para los dato
Page 173 and 174: Discusión general Anexo 5: Diferen
Page 175 and 176: CONCLUSIONES
Page 177 and 178: Conclusiones 7. El tiempo de emerge
Page 179 and 180: REFERENCIAS
Page 181 and 182: Referencias Blondel, J., Aronson, J
Page 183 and 184: Referencias Denslow, J.S., Ellison,
Page 185 and 186: Referencias Herrera, J. 1995. Acorn
Page 187 and 188: Referencias López, A.M., Muñoz, J
Page 189 and 190: Referencias Pemán, J., Voltas, J.,
Page 191 and 192: Referencias Rey Benayas, J.M., Lóp
Page 193 and 194: Referencias Terradas, J. 1999. Holm
Page 195 and 196: Referencias Xiao, Z., Zhang, Z., Wa
Page 197 and 198: AGRADECIMIENTOS
Page 199 and 200: Agradecimientos en lo laboral: comp
Page 201 and 202: ANEXO DE FOTOS
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Anexo de fotos Foto 7. Cercado expe
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