Ã©cologie des virus influenza aviaires en Camargue - IRD

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Annexe 2(a)(b)Box 2, figure I:panel (a): The cockle, Austrovenus stuchburyi, with the two most common invertebratespecies living on its shell, the limpet Notoacmea helmsi and the anemone Anthopleuraaureodiatapanel (b) : Schematic representation of habitat creation by manipulative parasites212
« The ecological significance of manipulative parasites »(a)(b)(c)(d)(e)Figure 1. Examples of manipulative parasites.(a) The crustacean amphipod Gammarus insensibilis manipulated by the trematodeMicrophallus papillorobustus (Photo P. Goetgheluck); infected gammarids display a positivephototactism, a negative geotactism and an aberrant evasive behaviour. Indeed, instead ofhiding under stones, they swim towards the surface, and are preferentially eaten by aquaticbirds (definitive hosts) [58]. (b) Cystacanth of Polymorphus minutus (Acanthocephalan)encysted in the body cavity of Gammarus pulex [49] (Photo F. Cezilly). Unlike M.papillorobustus which is encysted in the brain of the gammarid (in (a)), the acanthocephalanis encysted in the body cavity in (b). Remarkably, this acanthocephalan also ends its lifecycle in an aquatic bird and induces similar behavioural changes in the gammarid. Becausetrematodes and acanthocephalans are phylogenetically distant, this illustrates a case ofevolutionary convergence in the manipulative process. (c) Coral polyps infected with atrematode (Podocotyloides stenometra). The parasite induces pink, swollen nodules on thecoral colony and impairs their retraction ability. Infected polyps are, therefore, bothconspicuous and vulnerable to predation by the coralfeeding butterflyfish, Chaetodonmulticinctus (the parasite’s definitive host) [59] (Photo G. Aeby). (d) An ant (Cephalotesatratus) parasitized by a nematode (Myrmeconema neotropicum). The parasite induces fruitmimicry and modifies the ants' behaviour, making them more likely to be ingested by fruiteatingbirds (final hosts) [60] (Photo S.P. Yanoviak). (e) The Gordian worm (Paragordiustricuspidatus) exiting the body of a cricket (Nemobius sylvestris) (Photo P. Goetgheluck).213
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UNIVERSITÉ MONTPELLIER IISCIENCES
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RemerciementsCette thèse est le fr
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RemerciementsJe remercie JeanPaul
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SommaireIntroduction. 11. Zoonoses
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Liste des annexesAnnexe 1 (p. 161):
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IntroductionIntroduction.En 2008, p
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IntroductionDe nombreux facteurs fa
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Introductionpourquoi le parasite es
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Introduction4. Objectifs et questio
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CHAPITRE I:ACTIVITÉS HUMAINES, PAR
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Chapitre I1. Activités humaines et
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Chapitre I12
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Chapitre I14
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Chapitre I26
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Chapitre I30
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueChapi
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Influenza aviaires en Camargue1.3.
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Influenza aviaires en Camarguebiolo
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Influenza aviaires en Camargued'hyb
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Influenza aviaires en Camargued'inf
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueP < 0
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Influenza aviaires en Camargue3.2.
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueArtic
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueAvian
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueIntro
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueThese
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Influenza aviaires en Camarguela Re
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueJourd
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueEcolo
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueTable
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueFigur
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Influenza aviaires en CamargueFigur
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CHAPITRE III:ÉMERGENCE DU VIRUS H5
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Chapitre IIIgénome de ces virus à
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Chapitre IIImigrateurs dans l'arriv
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Chapitre IIIAbstractBackground: Sin
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Chapitre IIIbeen victims of recurre
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Chapitre IIIcombinations). Many var
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Chapitre IIIdifferent families [2],
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Chapitre IIIreported, in Bewick's s
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Chapitre IIIunder the artificial co
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Chapitre IIIfor Research and Techno
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Chapitre III14. Butler D: Blogger r
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Chapitre III28. Banks J, Speidel EC
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Chapitre III44. SturmRamirez KM,
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Chapitre IIIlocally and at a distan
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Chapitre III144
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Discussion générale et perspectiv
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Références bibliographiquesRéfé
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Références bibliographiquesFouchi
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Références bibliographiquesKilbou
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Références bibliographiquesScott
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ANNEXES
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Page 224 and 225: Annexe 2Ecology of ecosystems and p
Page 226 and 227: Annexe 2Apparent competitionWith fe
Page 228 and 229: Annexe 2rates decrease significantl
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Page 232 and 233: Annexe 2between species, types of p
Page 234 and 235: Annexe 28 Sukhdeo, M.V.K. and Herna
Page 236 and 237: Annexe 2diversity. Trends Ecol. Evo
Page 238 and 239: Annexe 267 Park, T. (1948) Experime
Page 240 and 241: Annexe 2BOX1: Parasitemediated ap
Page 244 and 245: Annexe 2Mature worms manipulate cri
Page 253 and 254: Espèces échantillonnées, effecti
Page 255 and 256: Espèces échantillonnées, effecti
Page 257: Espèces échantillonnées, effecti
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Ã©cologie des virus influenza aviaires en Camargue - IRD

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