m i k r o m i k r o – k v l e v e b i k v l e v e b i k v l e v e b i

170 | P a g egermaniaSi stambebi gaTavisuflda politikuri zewolisagan da maTSi axalikapitali Caido.Tanamedrove beWdvis istoriaTanamedrove gagebiT, beWdvis istoria saTaves iRebs im momentidan, rocadaiwyes ukuRma amoWrili metalis, moZravi, amoburculi asoebis damzadeba.es gamogoneba ekuTvnis germanel iohan gutenbergs. 1439 wels Mman pirvelmaCauyara safuZveli evropaSi beWdvas. Minovators stambis SeqmnaSiexmarebodnen iohan pusti da piter Soferi. daaxloebiT 10 wlis Semdegdaiwyo beWdvis evropuli xana. me-15 saukunis bolosTvis germaniaSi ukve 50-ze meti tipografia da 200-ze meti mbeWdavi iyo. germaniidan beWdva evropissxva QqveynebSi gavrcelda.gutenbergs miewereba aseve matriculi beWdvis gamogoneba, ramac beWdvasganviTarebisaken ubiZga. gutenbergma SesaZlebeli gaxada feradi beWdva.misma gamogonebebma saswavlo procesSi wigni pirvel adgilze daayena.italiaitalaSi pirveli mbeWdavebi iyvnen germanelebi konrad sveingei da arnoldpanartci. isini italiaSi 1465 wels berebis mier iyvnen miwveulebi. xolo1467 wels maT romSi ganagrZes sastambo saqme. veneciaSi beWdva maRaldoneze iyo ganviTarebuli da me-15 saukuneSi iq ukve 250 tipografiasSexvdebodiT. swored maSin, 1495 wels, daarsda cnobili aldovis tipografia.veneciis Semdeg beWdva gavrcelda boloniaSi, neapolsa da florenciaSi.espaneTiespaneTSi pirveli stamba 1474 wels daarsda valensiaSi. pirveli mbeWdavebiiyvnen germanelebi da holandielebi. portugaliaSi beWvdiTi teqnologiisganviTareba 1484 wlidan iRebs saTaves.safrangeTi