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152 CHAPTER 4. AQUATIC SYSTEMS<br />
Main activities Projects of the group are related either to questions of water resources or paleoclimate,<br />
or both. Some projects are mainly applications of established methods, whereas others intend<br />
to develop new methods and approaches.<br />
The main goal of a project studying groundwater in the North China Plain is to obtain a noble gas<br />
paleotemperature record from a formerly little studied part of the world (see section 4.1.1). However,<br />
it also involves an investigation of the current recharge to the heavily exploited groundwater resources<br />
of this semi-arid area. Preliminary results of this study showing a clear paleoclimatic signal are being<br />
published in the framework of the IAEA isotope hydrology series [Kreuzer et al. , in press 2005].<br />
Similarly, a project on groundwater in Egypt focusses on the renewal rate of these resources that are<br />
used to sustain new agricultural developments outside the Nile Delta (see section 4.1.2). The study<br />
clearly shows that the regional groundwater originates from the Nile water, but the renewal is very<br />
slow. This project has been a cornerstone of the thesis of Hany El-Gamal [El-Gamal, 2005]. A paper<br />
is in preparation.<br />
Recharge rates and processes are also central to a project focussing on groundwater in the nearby<br />
Odenwald region (see section 4.1.3). However, the main problem in this case is not the overexploitation<br />
of the resource but the incomplete understanding of the connection between recharge in the mountains<br />
and water levels in the valley, where large water works are operating. Progress in this project has<br />
been and will again be reported at meetings of the hydrogeology section of the German Geological<br />
Society [Friedrich et al. , 2004].<br />
A new idea is to try and use microscopic water inclusions in speleothems (stalagmites and other<br />
carbonate sinters) to extract noble gas concentrations and temperatures (see section 4.1.4). After<br />
some preliminary studies in the form of diploma theses [Rice, 2004; Träumner, 2005], this issue is now<br />
studied in the framework of a DFG research unit in collaboration with the Radiometry Group of the<br />
”Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften” (see section 5.1.8). The issue of the analysis of noble<br />
gases on very small samples and in new archives is also central to the project of our Marie Curie<br />
fellow Laszlo Palcsu (see section 4.1.5). However, the scope of this project is wider, trying to advance<br />
our general understanding of the ways in which noble gases in different archives can help us to gain<br />
paleoclimatic information.<br />
Another area of research that is currently developed is the study of interactions between groundwater<br />
and lakes, where a strong link between the two subgroups of the aquatic systems section becomes<br />
apparent (see section 4.1.6). A just completed diploma thesis investigated and validated the use of<br />
Radon as a tracer to study this interaction [Kluge, 2005].<br />
Funding The China project is funded by the DFG and its Chinese counterpart NSFC. The speleothem<br />
project is part of a DFG research unit (”Dated speleothems as archives of the paleo-environment”).<br />
The Odenwald project is a collaboration with the ”Hessisches Landesamt <strong>für</strong> Umwelt und Geologie”<br />
and the tracer analyses are funded by the State of Hessen. Hany El-Gamal was supported by a longterm<br />
mission fellowship of the Egyptian government. Laszlo Palcsu is supported by a Marie Curie<br />
EIF fellowship of the EU (project ”ADNOGAPALIN”).<br />
Cooperations In the above mentioned projects we cooperate with other groups of the institute,<br />
in particular with the carbon cycle group for stable isotope analyses on groundwaters and with the<br />
radiometry group for the preparation of 14 C samples for AMS analysis as well as on the study of<br />
fluid inclusions in speleothems. There exists also a cooperation with the ice and climate group on<br />
the analysis of He isotopes in ice. Cooperations outside the institute include local project partners<br />
in China, Egypt and Hessen. Furthermore, close links exist to the noble gas and AMS labs at ETH<br />
Zurich, where some of our samples are analysed, as well as to the isotope hydrology group at the<br />
University of Bern. Several links exist to scientists at the UFZ in Leipzig and Halle, and many new<br />
national and international cooperations will be forged in the framework of the upcoming DFG research<br />
unit.<br />
The institutions of our main cooperation partners are listed in the following (with shortcuts as used<br />
for author affiliations in the project reports):<br />
<strong>Institut</strong>e of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese academy of geological sciences, Zhengding,<br />
China (IHEG),<br />
Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Minufiya University, Shebin El-Kom, Egypt (MINUF),<br />
Hessisches Landesamt <strong>für</strong> Umwelt und Geologie, Wiesbaden, Germany (HLUG),<br />
<strong>Institut</strong> <strong>für</strong> Isotopengeologie und Mineralische Rohstoffe, ETH Zürich, Switzerland (ETHZ).